Form: Phonology and Phonological Awareness

Question 1

what is a phones?

Answer 1

speech sounds used in language

Question 2

what are phonemes

Answer 2

speech sounds that signal a different meaning. Late vs rate

Question 3

what are allophones

Answer 3

phones that don’t differentiate meaning

pill vs spill

Question 4

what are distinctive features?

Answer 4

phonetic features that carries meaning - difference created between two sounds
- voicing p vs b

Question 5

what is the task for the language learning student?

Answer 5

to figure out what sounds carry meaning and which ones don’t (phones from allophones)

Question 6

what are the 2 features that English sound is classified by?

Answer 6

Place: where the vocal tract is closed to make the sound
Manner: how the vocal tract is closed

Question 7

what is important to know about infant hearing?

Answer 7

• their auditory system functions before birth
• respond to speech before birth (mothers voice)
• can remember some of what they hear in womb
  (rhythmic patterns)

Question 8

what are the stages of Pre-Speech Vocal Development?

Answer 8

Birth-4 Weeks: Reflexive/Vegetative
6-8 weeks: cooing/Laughter
16-30 weeks: vocal play w. marginal babbling
24-42 weeks: Reduplicated Babbling
-----
10-12 months: non-reduplicated babbling

Question 9

The process underlying infant speech development is dependent on 3 things?

Answer 9

Physical growth and development
nervous system maturation
experience

Question 10

what is the functional hypothesis:

Answer 10

frequency of words and the importance in our language can explain developmental sequence

Question 11

what is phonological awareness?

Answer 11

knowledge of sound structure

ability to identify and manipulate the spoken language

Question 12

what must teachers do for effective early literacy instruction

Answer 12

MUST be able to analyze speech sounds and relate speech sounds to print

Question 13

What is the hierarchical nature of phonological form and why is it useful?

Answer 13

Levels:

• syllables
• onset rimes
• Phonemes

useful in appreciating the concept that PA can be represented at distinct levels

Question 14

what is the importance of Phonological Awareness?

Answer 14

word identification
word decoding
spelling development

Question 15

what is a key area of literacy instruction and why?

Answer 15

Phonological awareness due to skills (id, decoding, spelling)

Question 16

what were the two strongest predictors of reading performance and combined reading and spelling performance?

Answer 16

• phoneme segmentation “tell me all the sounds you hear”

- letter knowledge “what letter is this?”

Question 17

there are several factors that impact child performance on PA tasks in both assessment and instructional contexts…

Answer 17

• linguistic complexity:
  task demands
  examiner knowledge/skills

Question 18

what is linguistic complexity?

Answer 18

• not all phonemes are equal
  >total number of phonemes (# of phonemes increases difficulty)
  >type of phonemes (increases difficulty if sounds are being held for longer time - bat vs. zat)
  > number of initial consonants (increases difficulty if more consonants - Sat vs SPLat)
  > place of manipulation (increases difficulty if medial phonemes are manipulated - change the c in cat vs. change the t, vs. change the a)
  > voicing (increases difficulty if voiceless - can’t hear them)

Question 19

poor performance on PA tasks are likely to:

Answer 19

• weak PA skills
• task demands are unfamiliar
• task is too complex

Question 20

what is embedded explicit instruction?
vs.
direct explicit instruction?

Answer 20

instruction is embedded within meaningful activities
and
direct: sequence of instruction for target PA skills

Question 21

what is the sequence for teaching skills?

Answer 21

• identify sounds
• Rhyming
• Blending
• Segmenting

Question 22

what is required in identifying sounds:

Answer 22

knowledge about what sounds can be heard in a word without referring to the letters or the spelling of the word

Question 23

what is required in rhyming?

Answer 23

involves taking away the first consonant(s) in the word and adding a different consonant

Question 24

what is required in blending

Answer 24

involves combing parts of a word

Question 25

what is required in segmenting

Answer 25

is the opposite of blending; breaking words into syllables or sounds