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Systemic Pathology > Forensic Pathology > Flashcards

Forensic Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

It tells people what they MAY do.
What is this

A

Ethics

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2
Q

Tells people what they SHOULD do. They are written. What is this

A

Laws

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3
Q

Involve GENERALITIES
What is this

A

Ethical rules

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4
Q

Tends to be more specific
What is this

A

Laws

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5
Q

Primarily about the image of the person and the profession
What is this

A

Ethics

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6
Q

It is about the image of the society
What is this

A

Law

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7
Q

Which people enforce ethical standards

A

The professional bodies

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8
Q

Where are laws enforced

A

The courts

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9
Q

Provide boundaries set by society with sanctions such as fines, incarceration, or loss of license
What is this

A

Laws

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10
Q

Assists to moderate ethical tenets
What is this

A

The law

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11
Q

Which decisions supersedes decisions of professional bodies

A

Court decisions

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12
Q

What are some ethical codes of conduct for doctors

A

The Hippocratic Oath (5th century BC)
●International code of Medical ethics (WMA, 1949, 1968)
●The Physicians oath (1949, 1968)
●Induction ceremony for all medical graduates.

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13
Q

What is the Hippocratic oath concerned with

A

Hippocratic oath is concerned with doing no harm, refraining from abortions and giving of deadly drugs and maintaining strict confidentiality

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14
Q

What are the functions of the Medical and Dental Council of Ghana

A

●Supervision of medical education

●Maintenance of Medical Register.

●Professional discipline.

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15
Q

Explain professional discipline

A

The Medical Act also established:

i.The Medical and Dental Practitioners Investigating Panel (The Panel)
ii.The Medical and Dental Practitioners Disciplinary Committee (DC)
NB; The following infamous acts or conducts may lead to professional misconduct, hence disciplinary action may be instituted against the offender.

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16
Q

What are some examples of infamous conduct

A

Abortion
●Adultery
●Alcohol
●Addiction
● Criminal association or organization(s)
●Advertising
●False certification
●Breech of professional secrecy
●Negligence
●Falsification of expenses, reports etc

17
Q

Explain consent

A

●It is illegal to treat or examine without the consent of the patient.
●Consent can be implied or express.
●Implied consent covers history and physical examination in the clinic.
Express consent can be:
a. Oral
b. Written

●Oral consent for intimate examinations.
●Written consent for all surgical procedures

18
Q

Explain validity of consent

A

Patient must understand the procedure
●Patient must be of age (16 years and above).
●Spousal consent (Marital rights).
●Next of kin in the unconscious
●Medical colleagues, if no next of kin and procedure is required to save life.

CONSENT NOT REQUIRED
●Prisoners
●Immigrants at the port of entry
●School children in state institutions
●Milk and food handlers.
●On probation order of the court

19
Q

Explain refusal to consent

A

Jehovah witness and blood transfusion
●Children of Jehovah witness
●Adult Jehovah witness
i.Emergencies: preserve life
ii.Cold cases: give alternatives for blood

DOCTORS DILEMNA WITH AIDS
●Test are voluntary
●Results are confidential
●Confidential with married couples
●Doctors can only counsel affected individuals to disclose their status

20
Q

Explain euthanasia (easy death or mercy killin

A

Painless putting to death of persons suffering from terminal disease.
●No legal provisions in most countries of the world including Ghana.
●It may be considered as:
● Suicide (done by the person)
●Homicide (done by another person)g

21
Q

Mention some benefits of medical jurisprudence

A

Can be used to determine the paternity of a child
ii.Be employed to determine the identity of human bodies, which have been mutilated beyond recognition in accidents like bomb blast, factory explosions, abduction and killing of victims
iii.In the field of evidence laws, it can be appropriated to solve cases of involving murder, rape etc.
iv.Medical jurisprudence techniques like autopsy can be employed to discover important facts vital to the case after the person has died

Due to the heavy misuse and lack of knowledge of the courts as regards scientific evidence, they are hesitant in applying these techniques.
•In order to determine whether scientific evidence is admissible, the court may consider;
i.Whether the principle or technique has been or can be reliably tested
ii.Whether it has been subjected to peer review or publication
iii.Its known or potential rate of error
iv.Whether there are standards or organizations controlling the procedures of the technique

Whether it is generally accepted by the community and
ii.Whether the technique was created or conducted independently of the litigation
•The situation appears hearty only as regards autopsy reports, which have been given the status of documentary evidence under the Ghana evidence Act
•The complete benefit of this medical jurisprudential technique can be enjoyed only by an enactment recognizing these techniques as primary evidence, giving it the credit it deserves

22
Q

What is an autopsy

A

Autopsy, also known as a postmortem examination, necropsy, autopsia cadaverum or obduction is a highly specialized surgical procedure that consist of a thorough examination of a dead body to determine:
i.Cause of death
ii.Mechanism of death
iii.Manner of death
●It is also used to evaluate any disease or injury that may be present before death
●Autopsy is usually performed by a specialized medical doctor called a Pathologist

23
Q

Mention the types of autopsy

A

i. Medico-legal/ Forensic/Police autopsy

ii.Clinical or Pathological autopsy

iii.Academic/Anatomical autopsy

iv.Virtual or Medical Imaging autopsy

v.Verbal autopsy

24
Q

When is a forensic autopsy carried out

A

Forensic/Medico-legal/Police autopsy is carried out when cause of death may be a criminal matter

25
Q

When is a clinical autopsy performed

A

A clinical or academic autopsy is performed to find the medical cause of death and is used in cases of unknown or uncertain death or for research purposes

26
Q

When are academic autopsies performed

A

Academic/Anatomical autopsies are performed by students of anatomy for studies purposes only

27
Q

When are virtual autopsies performed

A

Virtual or Medical Imaging autopsies which are performed by utilizing imaging technology only (MRI, Computed Tomography)

28
Q

What are the two purposes clinical autopsies serve

A

To gain more insight into pathological processes and determine what factors contributed to a patient’s death
ii.To ensure the standard of care at hospitals

NB:
● Autopsy can yield insight into how patient death can be prevented in future

29
Q

Why do autopsies at all

A

●For accurate demography

●To prevent secret homicide

●To prevent accidents

●For auditing and quality assurance

●Improvement of medical care

30
Q

What is a coroner autopsy

A

A Coroner is any magistrate in his/her jurisdiction
●A legally qualified person may be appointed coroner in a particular jurisdiction

●The following are unique features of coroner autopsies:
i.Ordered by the Coroner
ii.Consent of relations not required
iii.External/Internal examinations very important
iv.Report made in simple language
v.Report goes to the Coroner/ other legal authority
vi.You may go to court to present results or testify to the judge

Systemic Pathology (17 decks)

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