forensic Flashcards
canter
bottom up profiling
investigative psychology: 5 assumptions that underpin the crime
e.g
1. time and place
2. criminal career
3. forensic awareness
pinizzotto
offender profiling AO3 - customer satisfaction surveys
US survey
77% pf police reported profiles helped
17% said it led to criminal
copson
offender profiling AO3 - customer satisfaction surveys
UK survey
83% found them useful
Kocsis
offender profiling AO3 - comparative profiler ability
Evaluate accuracy of profilers compared to other groups e.g police, psychologists, science undergraduates
Profilers did better than all other groups in terms of accuracy
Profilers 46% accuracy
40% students accuracy
38% accuracy of psychics
Is it worth the money?
fox and farrington
offender profiling AO3
evaluation fo effectiveness
Compare police agencies using profiling v ‘traditional’ police methods on burglary arrest rates
Analysis on data and statistics
After a 3 week training programme the arrest dates data was collected
The other police department received no training
Arrest rates were 3x higher with the trained profilers
= profiling has a positive effect
bowlby
psychodynamic explanations - maternal deprivation hypothesis
Receive love and care = grow to be able to develop positive attachments
Does not receive = difficulty forming relationships
Disruption in the relationship with primary caregiver = maternal deprivation
Means child forms negative representation of the world = leads to delinquent behaviour
sutherland
differential association theory
Explains how people learn to become criminals from their environment
Recognises the differing factors playing a part
Crime is learned
Learning motivations, attitudes of criminals around them
The contact with favourable messages towards crime that increases delinquency = ‘favourable differentiations’
alarid et al
Tested newly convicted criminals for the extent that differential association theory can explain their behaviour
It served as a good general theory
Its necessary to look at the context
Gudjonsson
cognitive distortions - hostile attribution bias
Measure for attributions: the blame attribution inventory - measured 3 things
1. Extent to which offenders blame circumstances in the environment
2. Extent to which they blame mental illness
3. Extent to which they feel guilt
Offenders differ in attributions depending on crime committed
Holtzworth-Munroe and Hutchinson
cognitive distortions - hostile attribution bias AO3
Link between HA and domestic violence
Shows men vignettes of difficult marital situations
Asked to rate the women’s behaviour
Men who had been violent towards wives = more likely to think woman was being negative
crick and dodge
cognitive distortions - hostile attribution bias AO3
Relationship between HA and aggression in children
Was in hypothetical situations and also actual situations
The explanation applies to everyday behaviour too
Kennedy and Grubin
cognitive distortion - minimalisation
research support
Sex offenders
Researchers rated accounts of denia
l
Excuse their behaviour by blaming someone else, usually the victim
1/4 believed their victim benefited in some way from the abuse
Kohlberg
cognitive explanations: level of moral reasoning
3 stages and their 2 stages:
1. pre conventional morality
punishment stage & reward stage
2. conventional morality
good-girl/boy stage & law and order stage
3. post conventional morality
social contract & ethical principle
palmer
cognitive explanations : level of moral reasoning - research
Association between moral development and offending behaviour
Suggests specific moral values that are associated with offending, there is a relationship between the two
Implication is that intervention programmes should incorporate training to increase offenders’ level of reasoning
Ashkar and Kenny
cognitive explanations: level of moral reasoning - AO3
Compared the moral reasoning level of juvenile sex and non-sex offenders so see whether there was difference
When asked about their reasoning in contexts similar to their crimes, both groups had pre-c level and conventional levels in context unrelated to crime
Suggests that reasoning varies by context and offenders have low reasoning which is specific to their crime.
= the method is useful in explaining some crimes
Gilligan
cognitive explanations: level of moral reasoning - AO3 limitation
developed a theory that proposed gender differences
She argued that women focus on how an action affects people and that men consider fairness and justice
Given varying rates of crime between men and women it may be that moral development in genders is different
Kohlberg doesn’t take this into account
