forensic

Question 1

top down

Answer 1

-american approach
organised/ disorganised
1data assimilation
2crime scene classification
3crime reconstruction
4profile generation

+canter 100
+wider application meketa
-not mutually exclusive combinations
-flawed evidence in 100- diff types of murders - could have file draw

Question 2

bottom up

Answer 2

geographical profiling
interpersonal coherence
circle theory
marauder and commuter give details to nature of offence

+wide range of application compared to top down -only requires location
+more scientific/ objective/measurable
+ludrigan and canter - 120
-geo profiling may not be sufficient on its own - relies on quality of data and recording of crime is not always accurate (police forced/ dark figure)

Question 3

bio - historical

Answer 3

atavistic form-lacking evolutionary development
-characteristics - murderers, sex offenders
lombrosos study - 40%

+legacy - paved the way
-negative legacy - racists
-goring 3000 = 0
-poor control - no control group
-could have correlation between disabilities

Question 4

bio - genetic

Answer 4

twin and adoption studies (Christiansen)-35 and 13
Crowe- found that adopted children with criminal mothers =50%
those with no criminal mum= 5%
candidate genes linked to production of serotonin
-Tiihonen
-diathesis stress model

-issues with twin studies - treated the same as MZ - not 100
deterministic
nature vs nurture
lange - twin studies- genetic explanation
compared concordance rates for prison sentences among 13 identical twins and 17 non-identical twins. 10 of the 13 pairs of identical twins (77%) had both spent time in prison, whereas only 2 of the 17 non-identical twins (12%) had both spent time in prison.

Question 5

bio neural

Answer 5

-research from people with APD- linked w reduced emotional responses, lack of empathy,
Raine saw reduced activity in prefrontal and 12% reduction in grey
mirror neurons - Keysers asked to empathise w film

+kandell and freed -
-intervening variables - trauma

Question 6

psych expl- Eysenck

Answer 6

extraverts
neuroticism
psychotic
-the role of socialisation - immature-linked with instant gratification
-childre should be taught to delay
-personal;ioty tess?!!!!

+eysenck 2070 - high on all
-farrington -only high on psychotic
-too simplistic - persona;ity cannot be measured on scale- questionnaire issues
-poor predictor of how long offending behaviour would last - should instead be measured on personality and environment
-bartol and holandock
+furnham carried out tests - most accurate predictor

Question 7

psych cognitive!!

Answer 7

levels of moral reasoning
1pre conventional - punishemt/ personal gain
2-convenmtional - good girl good boy - approval / social order
3post conventional - individual rights
-offenders in 1 and 2
cognitive distortions - HAB minimisation

+palmer and Collin
+application to therapy - challenging irrational - lower reoffending
-thornton and reid
-Howittt and Sheldon
-barbaree
Schoenberg and Jusyte

Question 8

psych differential association

Answer 8

values attitudes and techniques
family and friends
frequency, intensity, duration and exposure
learned attitudes and learnt techniques
-socialisation in prison

+shift of focus- moved away from biological - and blaming individual as weak - more realistic solution - more positive!!
+accounts for all crime - white collar

-can lead to negative stereotypes - self fulfilling prophecy and deterministic
-difficulty testing - can’t be operationalised
-nature or nurture

Question 9

psych _ psychodyna,ic

Answer 9

inadequate superego - blackburn
1weak - same gender not present - cannot internalise superego - no identification
2deviant - internalises immoral superego - criminal daddy
3overharsh - craving punishment
bowlby maternal deprivation

+goreta
-kochanksa
-gender bias - sees women have weaker superego = more likely to commit crime? no! says prison re[orts
-hilda lewis

Question 10

dealing w offending beyavyuiyr - custodial sentencing

Answer 10

aims - deterrence
incapacitation -safety
retribution - revenge
4rehabilitation

psych effects
stress aND Depression
institutionalisation - norms of routine in prison
prisonisation - behaviour is unacceptable in real world
problems with recidvism

-Bartol - psychological effects
-however, dont account for people who had disorder before + confounding variables

-school of crime
+shirley

Question 11

behaviour modification

Answer 11

-reinofce obedient behaviour and punish disobedience
-token economy - desirable actions rewarded
designing one -
operationalise
scoring system
train staff

+hobbs and holt
+field
+easy and cheap
-blanchard and basset
-little rehabilitative values outside
-ethical

Question 12

anger managemen5

Answer 12

CBT
1) cognitive preparation - precedes anger - identifying -reflect on past experiences -breaking automatic responses
2)skills acquisition - positive self talk, communicating effectively, relaxation
3) appliucation - role play! rewards

+may outlast behaviour modification as can be used in real world - reduces reoffending
-however - only role play - might not reflect real life scenarios
-howells
-expensive - reacquires training
-based on commitment

Question 13

Restorative justice

Answer 13

changing emphasis - crime against state to crime against victim
-treatment as a healing process
less about retribution, but reparation
focus on victim and their recovery
trained mediator
non courtroom setting
can be face to face
survivor says how it affected them
active involvement
]postitve for both
can reduce prison sentence

+shapland
+stong

-wood and Suzuki
-abusing the system
-domestic violence