Forelæsning 2+3 Flashcards
What is Culture?
Culture is a collective programming of the mind, which influences managerial style and work within the organization.
Artifacts
Object made by human beings, either hand-made or mass-produced, that can be assigned to cultures/subcultures. E.g. gold watches and necklaces is connected to a ‘typical rapper’.
cultural intelligence
the ability to understand and respond appropriately to different cultural contexts and situations
Different ways of looking at the world
Parochialism:
Viewing solely through your own eyes and perspective.
Ethnocentrism:
The perception that your way of thinking is the best, but acknowledge that there are other ways.
Thinking Global:
- Geographical dispersion: Currency fluctuations, time differences and political risk.
- Multiculturalism: People from many countries/cultures interact on a regular basis.
Hofstede Dimensions of Culture
Long-/short term orientation:
- Long: Focus on future. Willingness to sacrifice short-term material success to prepare for future.
- Short: Present is important. Tradition, the current social hierarchy and fulfilling your social obligations are valued highly.
Femininity:
- Concern for others is an important factor.
- Gender roles are not clearly defined, women are expected to participate in the work force.
- Conflicts should be resolved through compromise and peaceful communication.
Uncertainty Avoidance:
- These people feel threatened by ambiguity (tvetydighed/uklarhed) thus try to avoid ambiguous situations.
- There are formal rules to avoid deviant ideas and behavior.
- Rules are followed to the letter.
(JAPAN)
Masculinity:
- Women are expected to stay at home. There’re typical occupations for them.
- Conflicts should be resolved through a “good fight”.
- Assertiveness is key (selvsikkerhed).
Collectivism:
- Social networks are very important here.
- Protection and security is expected in exchange for loyalty.
- Opinion of others matters. It is important to fit in and not losing face. (China)
Individualism:
- The focus is on one self and strive towards own goals. (Self-centered)
- Self-respect is an important aspect. “What I think of myself is what matters”. (USA)
Power Distance:
- Hierarchy is important, as it defines you as a person. (Germany)
o High power-distance countries accept the power of the boss. He/she is always right, and you can’t bypass the supervisor.
o Low power-distance countries bypass frequently supervisor in order to show their engagement.
Indulgence:
Just Name Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions
- Individualism
- Collectivsm
- Power Distance
- Uncertainty Avoidance
- Masculinity
- Femininity
- Long/short term orientation
- Indulgence
Trompenaar’s Cultural Dimensions
GROUPS
Individualism vs. Communitarianism
Emotions in relationships:
Neutral vs. Emotional
Privacy in relationships:
Specific vs. Diffuse
Power and status:
Achievement vs. Ascription
Perception of time:
Sequential vs Synchronic
Perception of environment:
Internal vs External control
GLOBE dimensions
Assertiveness, Future Orientation, Gender Differentiation, Uncertainty Avoidance, Power Distance, Individualism/Collectivism, Performance Orientation, Humane Orientation
Hofstede, Globe and Trompenaars
› Globe based its research on multiple industries and corporations, but focuses on managers, while Hofstede was based on one company (IBM)
› Both claim to eliminate US ethnocentric bias (Hofstede is Dutch, but studies IBM, Globe project recruits international team, but Hofstede claims they were all educated in US)
Ronen-Shenkar Clusters
Countries is in different groups based on culture. If you want to expand to other groups, you need to expand through the middle, to a country close to the middle first, an then further away.
Cultural Typology
The Family Culture:
- Personal/hierarchical
- France/Spain
The Incubator:
- Egaliatrian (ligestilling køn, race mv.)
- No structure
- Motivated by the nature of tasks
- Sweden
The Eiffel Tower
- Formal/hierarchical
- Task-oritented, roles before people
- Germany
The Guided Missile:
- Formal/egalitarian
- Loyalty to profession not corporation
- UK/USA
Richard Lewis Cultural Groups
Linear-active:
- These people do one thing at a time and are very result/task oriented. They like to follow schedules. Personal relations and business relations are not mixed.
Multi-active:
- These people often to multiple things at the same time. They think that they get more done by doing more stuff at the same time.
Reactive:
- Unlike multi-active, these people listen more and see what you have to say before answering. Like multi-active, relationships are important.
