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History - The Tudors - Elizabeth I > Foreign Relations: Spain + The Netherlands > Flashcards

Foreign Relations: Spain + The Netherlands Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the relationship between England + Spain like when Elizabeth came to the throne? Why?

A

Good

Mary had been married to Philip (marriage alliance)

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2
Q

Why did England + Spain want to remain on good terms after Elizabeth came to power?

A
  • Elizabeth wanted to avoid an expensive + risky war
  • Philip wanted to keep England as an ally against France
  • Trade
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3
Q

What did Philip do when Elizabeth gained power to try to maintain good Anglo-Spanish relations?

A

Marriage proposal

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4
Q

Why did Elizabeth reject Philip’s marriage proposal?

A

Wanted to use herself being single as a foreign policy strategy

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5
Q

Why was Spain wealthy?

A

Gold + silver shipments from colonies in the New World made them a rich, key trading power

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6
Q

What happened to Anglo-Spanish relations in the 1560s-70s?

A

Started to deteriorate

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7
Q

Give 5 reasons why Anglo-Spanish relations started to deteriorate in the 1560s-70s

A

1) Trade disagreements
2) Actions of John Hawkins
3) Increasing Protestantism in England
4) Philip’s support for Catholic rebellions + plots in England
5) Situation in the Netherlands

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8
Q

Give an example of a trade disagreement that damaged Anglo-Spanish relations in the 1560s-70s

A

Nov 1568

  • Storm
  • Spanish ships sheltered in English ports
  • Spanish carried £85,000 to pay Duke of Alva in his campaign to crush the Dutch rebels
  • Elizabeth seized the ships + cargo
  • Philip + Alva seized English ships in Dutch ports + banned trade with England
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9
Q

Who was John Hawkins?

A

English naval commander + privateer (commanded ship commissioned by gov to engage in warfare)

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10
Q

How did the actions of John Hawkins cause Anglo-Spanish relations in the 1560s-70s to deteriorate?

A

Led English efforts to break the Spanish trading monopoly in the Caribbean, massively infuriating the Spanish

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11
Q

What did the Spanish do with John Hawkins?

A

Blockaded his ships in Mexican port in 1568 during his 3rd expedition

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12
Q

How did increasing Protestantism in England cause Anglo-Spanish relations in the 1560s-70s to deteriorate?

A

Philip + Spain were Catholic and opposed Elizabeth having England as Protestant (especially after 1570 excommunication)

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13
Q

Give an example of a Catholic rebellion in England supported by Spain

A

1569 Northern Rebellion
(Spanish ambassador encouraged rebel leaders in their anti-Elizabeth rebellion + the rebels even requested aid from Philip)

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14
Q

Who were the leaders of the 1569 Northern Rebellion

A

Northumberland + Westmorland

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15
Q

Give an example of a Catholic plot against Elizabeth supported by Spain

A

1571 Ridolfi Plot

Duke of Norfolk convinced Pope + Spanish it had potential and should be supported

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16
Q

How did the situation in the Netherlands cause the deterioration of Anglo-Spanish relations?

A
  • Philip wanted more direct Spanish (Catholic) control there

- Elizabeth pressurised to help the Dutch Protestant rebels

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17
Q

How was the Netherlands ruled in the 1560s?

A

Semi-autonomous Spanish rule by Philip

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18
Q

What was Philip’s title over the Netherlands?

A

Lord of the Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands

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19
Q

What was England’s role in the Netherlands pre-rebellions?

A

Netherlands (Antwerp) were England’s most important trading partner (particularly of cloth) - 75% English trade passed through Antwerp

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20
Q

Why did Spanish control of the Netherlands threaten English?

A

Netherlands were close to England + the Spanish could launch a Catholic invasion of England from this stronghold

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21
Q

Who was the 1563 Trade Dispute between?

A

English + Netherlands (+ Spanish)

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22
Q

What did Granvelle accuse English of in the 1563 Trade Dispute?

A

Charging Dutch merchants too highly + trying to spread Protestantism in the Netherlands

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23
Q

What was the outcome of the 1563 Trade Dispute?

A

Trade embargo between England + Netherlands (+ Spain) for a year until trade was restored by Philip removing Granvelle

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24
Q

What was the 1566 Dutch rebellion?

A

Dutch rebellion against their Spanish masters in the Netherlands

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25
Q

What were the 3 main reasons why the Dutch rebelled against the Spanish from 1566?

A

1) POLITICAL - Spain trying to centralise Netherland’s gov
2) SOCIAL - Conflict between Dutch + Spanish speakers
3) RELIGIOUS - N.Neth were embracing Protestantism

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26
Q

How long did the 1566 Dutch rebellion last?

A

1 year (but it was the start of a chain of rebellions by the Dutch against the Spanish)

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27
Q

Who led the rebels in the 1566 Dutch rebellion?

A

William Duke of Orange

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28
Q

Who was sent by Philip to crush the 1566 Dutch rebellion?

A

Duke of Alva

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29
Q

Did Elizabeth get involved in the 1566 Dutch rebellion? Why?

A

No - too risky to antagonise the Spanish

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30
Q

What was the main focus of Anglo-Spanish relations in the 1570s?

A

The ongoing in the Netherlands (as the Dutch revolt tried to expel the Spanish)

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31
Q

Who were the sea beggars?

A

Dutch pirates licensed by William Duke of Orange (Protestant leader)

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32
Q

What did Elizabeth do to the sea beggars in 1572?

A

Expelled them from English ports

Forced to land at Brielle (Dutch port)

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33
Q

When the sea beggars landed in Netherlands, what was initiated?

A

Dutch revolt (against Spanish rule in Netherlands)

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34
Q

In what year had the Dutch revolt spread to all 17 Netherlands provinces?

A

1576

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35
Q

What was the Spanish Fury?

A

1576

  • Spanish troops in Netherlands angry at irregular pay
  • Spanish troops refused Dutch authority + sacked Antwerp
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36
Q

How did the Spanish Fury (1576) impact the Dutch revolt (1572 onwards)?

A

United the Netherlands (Protestants + Catholics across all provinces), fuelling the Dutch revolt

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37
Q

What was the Pacification of Ghent (1576)?

A

Demand by the Dutch revolters for:

1) Removal of Spanish troops
2) Restoration of the provinces’ “rights + liberties”

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38
Q

When was the Pacification of Ghent?

A

1576

39
Q

Did the Pacification of Ghent (1576) work?

A

In the short term

  • Philip in bad position (Spanish Governor just died)
  • Philip accepted terms in the Perpetual Edict (1577)

BUT - Only lasted 6 months before Spanish returned

40
Q

During the Dutch revolt, how did the Netherlands divide?

A

Divided in 2

1) Union of Utrecht (mostly northern + Protestant)
2) Union of Arras (mostly southern + Catholic)

41
Q

Which was the more northern, Protestant half of the Netherlands in the Dutch revolt?

A

Union of Utrecht

42
Q

What was the more southern, Catholic part of the Netherlands in the Dutch revolt?

A

Union of Arras

43
Q

Once the Netherlands had been divided into its 2 halves in the Dutch revolt, which side made peace with Spain?

A

Union of Arras (more southern + Catholic)

44
Q

Elizabeth was not giving direct support to the Dutch rebels in the Dutch revolt, but she was becoming more anti-Spanish, give 3 examples

A

1) Supported Don Antonio (Portuguese pretender - 1580)
2) Knighted Sir Francis Drake (1581)
3) Treated the Spanish ambassador contemptuously

45
Q

Who was Don Antonio?

A

Portuguese pretender who claimed the throne of Portugal after the Spanish annexed it in 1580

46
Q

When did Spain annex Portugal?

A

1580

47
Q

What was Sir Francis Drake most famous for?

A

Circumnavigating the globe

48
Q

Why did Elizabeth knighting Sir Francis Drake annoy the Spanish?

A

Spanish disliked Drake - saw him as threat to Spanish naval monopoly

49
Q

When did Elizabeth knight Sir Francis Drake?

A

1581

50
Q

Why did Elizabeth delay supporting the Dutch Protestants against the Spanish in the Dutch revolt?

A

Feared a war with Spain

51
Q

What event was a turning point that caused Elizabeth to see a Spanish War as inevitable, so she decided to support the Dutch Protestants?

A

After the Treaty of Joinville (1584)

52
Q

When was the Treaty of Joinville?

A

1584

53
Q

What was the Treaty of Joinville (1584)?

A

Treaty between Henry of Guise (Catholic League) + Philip

Acknowledged Philip as protector of the League + promised to rid France of Huguenots with Spanish military assistance

54
Q

Why did the Treaty of Joinville encourage Elizabeth to finally support the Dutch rebels?

A

Saw Spain as a significant threat

Foreign: this alliance with the Guises could lead to a Franco-Spanish invasion of England
Domestic: this alliance with the Guises could support Mary Queen of Scots

55
Q

When was William of Orange (Dutch Protestant rebel leader) assassinated?

A

1584

56
Q

When was the Treaty of Nonsuch?

A

1585

57
Q

What was the Treaty of Nonsuch (1585)?

A

Elizabeth’s agreement to ally with the Dutch Protestants and give direct support (military, not just financial) in their conflict against the Spanish

58
Q

From when did Elizabeth give the Dutch Protestants financial support?

A

From 1581

59
Q

From when did Elizabeth give the Dutch Protestants direct military support?

A

From 1585 (Treaty of Nonsuch)

60
Q

What military support did Elizabeth pledge the Dutch Protestants in the Treaty of Nonsuch?

A
  • 7000 men under the Earl of Leicester (Dudley)

- Permission for naval captains (E.g. Drake) to attack Spanish ships

61
Q

Were Leicester’s troops (military support pledged by Elizabeth in the Treaty of Nonsuch) successful in helping the Dutch Protestants? Why?

A

No

  • Ill disciplined (poor, irregular pay)
  • English commander argued (+ 2 key officers were traitors - left to support Parma’s Spanish forces)
  • Leicester argued with the Dutch
62
Q

Name the 2 English officers who betrayed Leicester’s help for the Dutch + joined Parma’s Spanish forces?

A
  • William Stanley

- Rowland Yorke

63
Q

What was the impact of the Treaty of Nonsuch (1585) on Anglo-Spanish relations?

A

Confirmed the bad relations between them (after their deterioration)

64
Q

What did Leicester do in Jan 1588?

A

Returned to England + Resigned after his forces failed to bring a Dutch Protestant victory

65
Q

When was the Anglo-Spanish War?

A

1585-1604

66
Q

What treaty marked the start of the Anglo-Spanish War?

A

Treaty of Nonsuch

67
Q

When did the Spanish Armada reach England?

A

Summer 1588

68
Q

Why did Philip send the Spanish Armada?

A

Believed he was doing God’s work by launching a Catholic crusade

69
Q

Why was the Spanish Armada delayed?

A

England’s attack on Cadiz (Spanish harbour) in April 1587 delayed the Armada 1 yr

70
Q

When did the Armada set sail?

A

22nd July 1588

71
Q

What happened to the Armada after setting sail?

A
  • Intended to go to Gravelines (Neth) to pick up Parma’s army
  • Engaged in indecisive battle in Channel (30th July-6th Aug)
  • Lost + returned to Spain
72
Q

What were the 3 key reasons why the Spanish Armada was defeated?

A

1) Weather conditions/luck
2) English strengths
3) Spanish weaknesses

73
Q

How many ships were in the Spanish Armada vs the English fleet?

A
  • Spanish: approx 130 (18,000 men)

- English: 34 of the royal fleet + approx 160 other supporting ships

74
Q

Who led the Spanish Armada?

A

Duke of Medina-Sidonia (after death of Santa Cruz)

75
Q

Give 3 English strengths against the 1588 Armada

A

1) Advanced tech: new cannons (more accurate, longer range)
2) Better strategies: fired from longer range + used ‘fireships’ to startle Spanish
3) More experienced sailors, encouraged by higher pay

76
Q

Did the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 end the Anglo-Spanish War?

A

No

77
Q

When did the Anglo-Spanish War end?

A

1604 - after death of Elizabeth + Philip

78
Q

What sea fronts was the Anglo-Spanish War fought on?

A
  • Off Spain

- In Caribbean (Spanish colonies)

79
Q

What land fronts was the Anglo-Spanish War fought on?

A
  • France
  • Netherlands
  • Ireland
80
Q

What are the disputed reasons Elizabeth was involved in the Anglo-Spanish War?

A

Certain: fought for national security against Spanish
Disputed: did she also fight for religious interest? (I think NO)

81
Q

Was the sea front fighting in the Anglo-Spanish War mainly successful or unsuccessful for England? Why?

A

Mainly Successful - defeated main Armada
Some weaknesses - failing to capitalise on opportunities and make a big push to win the war, meaning it was drawn-out and expensive

82
Q

Give an example of England failing to capitalise on opportunities to win the Anglo-Spanish War during fighting on sea fronts

A

Capture of Cadiz (1596)

  • Successful raid by Howard + Devereux
  • Cadiz occupied + 4 galleons sunk (humiliating Philip)
  • No strategic follow up by Elizabeth (so success only short term)
83
Q

Where was most of the on-land fighting done in the Anglo-Spanish War?

A

Netherlands

84
Q

Who replaced Leicester in 1588 as the new commander of English forces in the Netherlands?

A

Sir Francis de Vere

85
Q

Was fighting in the Netherlands mainly successful or unsuccessful after 1588? Why?

A

Successful

  • Sir Francis de Vere was a much more capable leader - making English forces stronger
  • Spanish forces weakened by: troop rebellion + overcommitment in France
86
Q

By what date had the Dutch expelled the Spanish from all of the northern Netherlands?

A

1594

87
Q

What happened to the North + South of the Netherlands at the end of the Anglo-Spanish War?

A

North (Union of Utrecht): Independent state

South (Union of Arras): Technically under Spanish sovereignty but had greater autonomy

88
Q

Did the English + Dutch achieve their aim in the Netherlands?

A

Yes

  • Dutch regained control of their country from Spanish
  • English prevented Spain gaining a threatening stronghold in the Netherlands
89
Q

How were Anglo-Spanish relations when Elizabeth died?

A

Fairly bad - still in a war, but England in fairly good position as Spanish had been pushed out of Netherlands

90
Q

Who excommunicated Elizabeth?

A

Pope Pius V

91
Q

What were the 2 places in the Netherlands in the hands of the rebels in 1580s when the Duke of Parma’s reconquest of the Northern Netherlands (Utrecht) gained momentum?

A

Holland + Zeeland

92
Q

Give 3 weaknesses of the Spanish in the 1588 Armada

A

1) Worse tactics - tried to fight man-man

2) Weak leadership - Medina Sidonia replaced Santa Cruz

93
Q

When did England lead a failed attack on Spanish in Portugal ?
(Part of war at sea)

A

1589

94
Q

When did Hawkins + Drake lead a failed attack on Spanish in their Caribbean colonies?

A

1595-6

History - The Tudors - Elizabeth I (6 decks)

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