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History - The Tudors - Elizabeth I > Foreign Relations: France > Flashcards

Foreign Relations: France Flashcards

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1
Q

What were relations like between England + France at the start of Elizabeth’s rule? Why?

A

Hostile

  • Elizabeth inherited a war
  • Traditional enemies (English saw France as their right)
  • Calais had been lost under Mary
  • Auld Alliance put pressure on England
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2
Q

What was Elizabeth’s approach to the Anglo-French War she inherited at the start of her rule?

A

Wanted to end it (unsuccessful + expensive)

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3
Q

What was France’s approach to the Anglo-French War Elizabeth inherited at the start of her rule?

A

Wanted to end it

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4
Q

What was England’s greatest loss in their war with France under Mary?

A

Calais

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5
Q

What treaty ended the Anglo-French War at the start of Elizabeth’s reign?

A

Treaty of Cateau Cambresis (1559)

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6
Q

What was the Treaty of Cateau Cambresis?

A
  • Peace treaty between England + France (end inherited war)
  • Agreement on Calais
    (France hold for 8 yrs + if peace maintained it would be returned to England or France would have to pay a pension of 500,000 crowns)
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7
Q

What was the big event in France during Elizabeth’s reign?

A

French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)

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8
Q

What started the French Wars of Religion in 1562?

A

France had been unstable when Francis II died + Charles IX inherited with regent Catherine de Medici on throne

  • Guise family wanted power (Catholic)
  • Huguenots also wanted greater rights + freedom of worship
  • Catholic-Protestant conflict broke out that Catherine couldn’t placate
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9
Q

Who were the 2 sides in the French Wars of Religion?

A

1) Catholics (Guise faction)

2) Protestants (Huguenots)

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10
Q

After the Treaty of Cateau Cambresis, what broke the temporary peace between France + England?

A

Elizabeth doubted Calais would be restored after 8yrs, so broke the peace to become involved in France as she thought she could exploit the civil war weakness

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11
Q

What was the Treaty of Hampton Court (1562)?

A
  • Elizabeth + Huguenot leader (Louis de Bourbon)
  • Elizabeth gave: forces to aid them in French Wars of Religion, beginning with Le Havre
  • Huguenots gave: promise to give England Calais when they won
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12
Q

Which side did Elizabeth support in the French Wars of Religion?

A

Protestant Huguenots

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13
Q

When was the Le Havre expedition?

A

1562

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14
Q

What happened in the Le Havre expedition?

A

Elizabeth provided Huguenots with: £30,000 loan + 6000 men (under Earl of Warwick) + together they temporarily gained control of Le Havre, but only for a year

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15
Q

Other than Le Havre, did Elizabeth fulfil her promise of helping the Huguenots win the First War of Religion?

A

No - did little else to help

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16
Q

Was the Le Havre expedition successful for Elizabeth?

A

No

  • French forces expelled English from Le Havre (1563 when the First War of Religion ended)
  • Elizabeth was not given Calais in return for her support of the Huguenots
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17
Q

What treaty finally gave up Calais after Le Havre?

A

Treaty of Troyes (1564)

18
Q

What was the Treaty of Troyes (1564)?

A

Between England + France

  • English officially gave up all rights to Calais
  • English received 120,000 crowns in return
19
Q

What were relations like between England + France at the end of the 1560s?

A

Not good

  • Treaty of Cateau Cambresis had been broken
  • Elizabeth had formally lost Calais in the Treaty of Troyes after her failed intervention at Le Havre
20
Q

Why did Elizabeth want to improve relations with France in the late 1560s-1570s?

A

Elizabeth was feeling increasingly threatened, so looked to France as a potential ally

  • Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England (1568)
  • Rebellion of Northern Earls (1569-70)
  • Excommunication of Elizabeth (1570)
  • Deteriorating relations with Spain
21
Q

What were the 2 main ways Elizabeth tried to improve relations with France in the 1570s?

A

1) Marriage proposals (Duke of Alencon -> Anjou)

2) Treaty of Blois (1572)

22
Q

Who was the Duke of Alencon -> Anjou + why was Elizabeth involved in marriage proposals with him (1578-81)?

A
  • Son of regent of France Catherine de Medici
  • Marriage negotiations acted as a way of improving relations (despite never being finalised)
  • Elizabeth seemed to actually like him (sent love letters + called him her ‘little frog’)
  • Ministers wanted her to marry after she was announced as fertile in 1579
23
Q

When did Elizabeth negotiate a potential marriage with the French Duke of Alencon -> Anjou?

A

1578-81

24
Q

What name did the French Duke of Alencon change to?

A

Anjou

25
Q

What did Elizabeth nickname the Duke of Alencon -> Anjou?

A

Her ‘little frog’

26
Q

Why was there disapproval of the marriage proposal between Elizabeth + the Duke of Alencon -> Anjou?

A
  • Fears of a French heir to the throne

- Fears as he was a moderate Catholic

27
Q

What was the Treaty of Blois (1572)?

A

Naval + military alliance between England + France (against the bigger Spanish threat)

28
Q

What 2 events threatened the improvement of Anglo-French relations in and after the 1570s?

A

1) St.Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (1572)

2) Treaty of Joinville (1584)

29
Q

What was the St.Bartholomew’s Massacre (1572)?

A
  • Catherine de Medici (regent) planned to assassinate Coligny (Huguenots’ leader) who she saw as too influential of her son (infant King Charles IX)
  • Plan taken up by Guise faction
  • Guise faction (Catholics) turned on all the Huguenots + massacred 13,000 (including commoners)
30
Q

When was St.Bartholomew’s Day Massacre?

A

1572

31
Q

Why did St.Bartholomew’s Day Massacre threaten Anglo-French relations?

A

Elizabeth (head of a Protestant state) had just witnessed thousands of innocent Protestants being massacred in France

32
Q

What was Elizabeth’s response to St.Bartholomew’s Day Massacre?

A

Didn’t declare war on France (wanted to avoid conflict)

Gave covert aid (money + weapons) to the Huguenots for the wars

33
Q

When was the Treaty of Joinville?

A

1584

34
Q

What was the Treaty of Joinville (1584)?

A

Between Henry of Guise (Head of Catholic League) + Philip of Spain

Catholic League acknowledged Philip as their protector + allied with him to remove the Huguenots from France

35
Q

What was the Catholic League?

A

Group formed by Henry of Guise in 1576 to try to prevent Henry of Navarre (a Huguenot) being the heir to the Henry III’s French throne

36
Q

Why did the Treaty of Joinville threaten Anglo-French relations?

A

Elizabeth feared that if the alliance was successful in getting Catholics in power in France, France + Spain would team up to isolate England from foreign affairs and even maybe invade

37
Q

Who was Henry of Guise?

A

Head of the Catholic League

38
Q

What happened to the French succession in 1589?

A

King Henry III + Henry of Guise assassinated

Allowed Henry of Navarre (Huguenot to become King)

39
Q

What happened to foreign affairs after Henry of Navarre was crowned Henry IV in 1589?

A
  • Philip invaded (kept to Treaty of Joinville)
  • Elizabeth sent troops to support France (1590-5)
  • Henry IV negotiated peace with Spain (1598)
40
Q

How did Henry Navarre (Henry IV) change religion in France?

A
  • Raised a Huguenot (Protestant)
  • Converted to Catholicism during reign + made France Roman Catholic
  • Declared a tolerance for Protestantism (Edict of Nantes - 1598)
41
Q

What was the Edict of Nantes (1598)?

A

Henry IV’s declaration of a tolerance for Protestantism in Catholic France

42
Q

How did relations with France end when Elizabeth’s reign ended?

A

Fairly good - Henry IV had introduced an acceptance towards Protestantism, removing the threat of a Catholic-fuelled invasion

History - The Tudors - Elizabeth I (6 decks)

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