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History - The Tudors - Elizabeth I > Foreign Relations: Scotland > Flashcards

Foreign Relations: Scotland Flashcards

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1
Q

What were relations like between England + Scotland at the start of Elizabeth’s reign?

A

Tense - because of the Auld Alliance

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2
Q

Who was the leader of Scotland at the start of Elizabeth’s reign?

A

Mary Queen of Scots but Mary de Guise regent

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3
Q

Who was married to James V of Scotland? When?

A

Mary de Guise

1538

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4
Q

When was Mary Queen of Scots (Mary Stuart) born?

A

8th Dec 1542

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5
Q

Who are the parents of Mary Queen of Scots?

A

Mary de Guise + James V of Scotland

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6
Q

Who became leader of Scotland when James V died in 1542?

A

Mary Queen of Scots (infant daughter)

Earl of Arran (regent until 1554 then Mary de Guise)

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7
Q

Who was Mary Queen of Scots groomed to marry by her mum?

A

Francis (French Dauphin - Catholic)

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8
Q

When did Mary Queen of Scots marry the French Dauphin?

A

1558

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9
Q

Who did the Earl of Arran want Mary Queen of Scots to marry? Why?

A

Edward VI (rough wooing - to unite England + Scotland)

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10
Q

Who did Mary de Guise want Mary Queen of Scots to marry? Why?

A

Francis (French Dauphin - Catholic)

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11
Q

When did the French Dauphin Francis become King of France? What did this mean for Mary?

A

1559

Mary Queen of Scots also Queen of France by marriage

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12
Q

What significant event happened in Scotland in 1559?

A

Rebellion by Lords of the Congregation

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13
Q

Who were the Lords of the Congregation?

A

Group of Scottish Protestants who rebelled (1559)

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14
Q

Who was the leader of the Lords of the Congregation?

A

John Knox

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15
Q

Why did the Lords of the Congregation rebel in Scotland in 1559?

A
  • Opposed Catholic rule of Mary de Guise + Mary Stuart
  • Opposed increasing role of the French Catholics in Scotland (after Francis acceded + sent garrisons to Scottish fortresses)
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16
Q

Which country provided support to the Scottish Lords of the Congregation?

A

England

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17
Q

Why did England support the Lords of the Congregation? Give 3 reasons

A

1) Catholic Scotland threatened Protestantism in England
2) French forces in Scotland threatened security of England
3) Mary Queen of Scots threatened security of England (her claim)

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18
Q

Who instigated the English support of the Lords of the Congregation? How?

A

Cecil

  • Threatened to resign
  • Showed Elizabeth that Francis + Mary were using the English coat of arms in their own heraldic device
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19
Q

Why was Elizabeth reluctant to support the Lords of the Congregation?

A
  • Disliked John Knox (wrote ‘The Monstrous Regiment of Women’ in 1558 denouncing female rulers)
  • Conflicted with Elizabeth’s aim of war avoidance
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20
Q

How did England provide support for the Lords of the Congregation?

A
  • Sent money + arms
  • Dec 1559: sent navy to stop French landing at Firth of Forth
  • Feb 1560: Treaty of Berwick (offered conditional support)
  • March 1560: sent army north to support (blockaded Port of Leith)
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21
Q

What was the Treaty of Berwick (1560)?

A

Elizabeth offering Lords of the Congregation conditional support

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22
Q

Was the rebellion by the Lords of the Congregation successful? How?

A

YES

  • French fleets were damaged in storms
  • Mary de Guise (regent) died in June 1560 leaving a Protestant power vacuum
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23
Q

When did Mary de Guise die?

A

June 1560

24
Q

What was the treaty that ended the Lords of the Congregation rebellion in Scotland?

A

Treaty of Edinburgh (July 1560)

25
Q

Who was the Treaty of Edinburgh (July 1560) between + what did it agree?

A

Between: England, Scotland, France

Agreed:

  • End of conflict in Scotland
  • Withdrawal of English + French forces from Scotland
  • Lords of Congregation to be provisional gov in Scotland
  • Withdrawal of Mary Queen of Scots claim from the England throne
26
Q

When did Francis II of France die + who was he replaced with?

A

Dec 1560 - replaced by Charles IX

27
Q

What happened to Mary Queen of Scots when her husband Francis II died in Dec 1560?

A

Had to return to Scotland from France + accept her reduction in power and Protestantism in Scotland

28
Q

What were the 2 main events in Scotland under Elizabeth?

A

1) Lords of Congregation rebellion (1559)

2) Threat from Mary Queen of Scots (1567-1587)

29
Q

How did Mary Queen of Scots have a claim to the English throne?

A

She was Elizabeth I’s closest living relative (cousin) + also a direct descendent of Henry VIII

30
Q

Why did Elizabeth not want Mary to be her heir?

A
  • She was Roman Catholic

- She had strong political ties to France (mum + 1st husband)

31
Q

Why was Mary Queen of Scots most threatening to Elizabeth after 1567?

A

Forced to abdicate + flee to England in 1567, from which she supported plots that directly threatened the English throne

32
Q

Who were the 3 people Mary Queen of Scots married? When?

A

1) French Dauphin/Francis II of France (1558)
2) Earl of Darnley (1565)
3) Earl of Bothwell (1567)

33
Q

Who was the Earl of Darnley?

A

An English nobleman married to Mary Queen of Scots (2nd husband)

34
Q

What happened to the Earl of Darnley?

A

Murdered in Feb 1567

35
Q

With which husband did Mary Queen of Scots have her child (future James V)?

A

Earl of Darnley

36
Q

Who was the Earl of Bothwell?

A

A Scottish nobleman married to Mary Queen of Scots (3rd husband) + the murderer of Earl of Darnley (2nd husband)

37
Q

What was initiated in Scotland when the Earl of Darnley was killed by the Earl of Bothwell?

A

Uprising by Scottish Protestant nobles - including Mary’s half brother the Earl of Moray

38
Q

What caused Mary Queen of Scots to flee Scotland -> England?

A

She was imprisoned by the uprising Scottish Protestant nobles + forced to abdicate where she was imprisoned at Lochleven Castle - which she escaped to flee to England

39
Q

Where was Mary imprisoned after abdicating?

A

Lochleven Castle

40
Q

What were the 4 key Catholic plots to overthrow Elizabeth?

A

1) Ridolfi Plot (1571)
2) Throckmorton Plot (1583)
3) Parry Plot (1585)
4) Babington Plot (1586)

41
Q

What was the Ridolfi Plot (1571)?

A

Conspiracy for Mary to marry Duke of Norfolk and overthrow Elizabeth

  • Convinced Spain + Pope that the plot had potential
  • Discovered by Cecil + Walsingham who executed Norfolk (1572)
42
Q

Who was Francis Walsingham?

A

Key governmental figure (principle secretary) under Elizabeth

‘Spymaster’ - headed an espionage network

43
Q

What was Walsingham’s espionage network most important in?

A

Uncovering Catholic plots to overthrow Elizabeth

44
Q

What was the Throckmorton Plot (1583)?

A

Plan by Throckmorton (Catholic family) for a French landing in Sussex to help replace Elizabeth with Mary

  • Discovered by Walsingham who executed Throckmorton
  • Bond of Association created as a precaution, Mendoza (Spanish ambassador executed - implicated)
45
Q

What was the Parry Plot (1585)?

A

Plot to assassinate Elizabeth

- Parry executed + bill to ensure Queen’s safety sped through parliament

46
Q

What was the Babington Plot (1586)?

A

Conspiracy to assassinate Elizabeth + replace her with Mary (made by Mary + Babington)

  • Letter deciphered by Phellipes (Walsingham’s code breaker)
  • Mary arrested + executed a year later
47
Q

Which Catholic plot against Elizabeth finally implicated Mary Queen of Scots and gave justification for Mary’s removal?

A

Babington Plot (1586)

48
Q

Why did plotting Catholics choose Mary as their ‘rightful monarch’?

A
  • Mary had a claim to the throne (descendant of H.VIII)

- Elizabeth excommunicated from Catholic Church in 1570 + Pope said English Catholics no longer needed to obey her

49
Q

When was Elizabeth excommunicated?

A

1570

50
Q

When did Elizabeth sign Mary’s death warrant?

A

1st Feb 1587

51
Q

Why did Elizabeth delay ordering Mary’s execution?

A
  • Regicide (killing a rightful monarch was interfering with divine right to rule)
  • Mary was mother of future king of Scotland James
52
Q

How were relations between England + Scotland by the end of Elizabeth’s rule?

A

Fairly peaceful

  • Threat of French intervention + Mary were removed
  • No other altercations between the countries
  • In contact with James IV who would become James V
53
Q

When did Mary Queen of Scots technically become Queen (even though she needed a regent)?

A

1542 (Dec)

54
Q

When did Mary de Guise take over regency of Scotland from the Earl of Arran?

A

1554

55
Q

When did Mary Queen of Scots have to return to Scotland?

A

1561

56
Q

Who led the uprising in Scotland that caused the abdication of Mary Queen of Scots in 1567?

A

Earl of Moray (Elizabeth’s cousin)

History - The Tudors - Elizabeth I (6 decks)

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