Foreign Policy (France, HRE + Scotland) Flashcards
What were Henry VII’s three aims in terms of foreign policy?
National Security
Recognition of the Tudor Dynasty
Defence of English Trading Interests
Why was there a crisis in Brittany?
Brittany’s leader - Duke Francis II has died (1488) and left no heirs, only his daughter (Anne)
France were eager to use this opportunity to conquer Brittany
Why was Henry VII interested in protecting Brittany?
Duke Francis II had housed Henry VII and his supporters prior to his usurpation in 1485 - owed Brittany
After France invaded Brittany in 1487, what did Henry VII immediately do?
He summoned parliament, and is granted extraordinary revenue to raise an army in preparation to defend Brittany
What was the name of the Treaty between England and Brittany? What was the main point of this?
The Treaty of Redon (Feb, 1489)
Duchess Anne agrees to pay Henry VII to defend Brittany with his army from the French
Who else did Henry VII wanted to strengthen his relationship with? What did this individual end up doing to anger the French?
Henry VII wanted to strengthen his alliance with Maximilian - the Holy Roman Emperor.
Maximilian entered a marriage by proxy with Duchess Anne - showing his support for Brittany
What was the name of the Treaty between England and the Holy Roman Empire? What was the outcome of this?
Treaty of Dordrecht (Feb, 1489)
Henry VII sends 3000 troops to assist Maximilian’s troops against the French
However by July, a deal between King Charles VIII + Maximilian had been struck - leaving Henry VII isolated
What was the outcome of the Brittany Crisis? (3 outcomes)
The French proved too powerful for Breton and English forces - French victory
Duchess Anne forced to surrender + marry Charles VIII
Henry VII was now diplomatically isolated
After the loss of Brittany imminent in 1491, what drastic move did Henry VII do?
He summoned Parliament and raised an army of 26,000 men to attack France in an attempt to assert his claim to the French crown
He laid siege to Boulogne in October, 1492
What was Charles VIII’s reaction to Henry’s invasion in 1492?
He was eager to rid his English aggressor in favour of using his army against a war against Italy - after 9 days, he offered Henry VII a peace treaty
What was the name of the Treaty between England and France? And what were the outcomes of this? (3 examples)
The Treaty of Etaples (Nov, 1492)
France agreed to not support any English rebels (Warbeck)
French pension of 50,000 crowns to England annually
England only had ground in Calais on the southern side of the English Channel
Why was Henry VII weary of Scotland at first? (2 examples)
They had the ‘Auld Alliance’ with France - threat of a two-front invasion
Previous kings had to deal with border raids/invasions from Scotland
Why was there a turning point with England’s relations to Scotland in 1495-6?
Scotland’s king - James IV - had offered help to Perkin Warbeck (pension given and marriage to Catherine Gordon - James’ cousin)
Unsuccessful Scottish invasion into England -forced Henry VII to raise an army
By 1497, why were both Scotland + England looking for reconciliation?
England had suffered a rebellion in Cornwall due to the tax rise in reaction to the Scottish invasion
Scotland’s main instigator (Perkin Warbeck) had departed
What was the name of the truce between Scotland and England? And what was the outcome of this?
Truce of Ayton (1497)
A marriage between James IV and Princess Margaret (Henry’s daughter) to secure ‘perpetual peace’ (1503)
