Foreign policy Flashcards
4What were Mary’s two aims in foreign policy?
-Restore England to papal supremacy: restoring the pope as the head of church
-To marry Phillip the heir to the Spanish throne.
July 1554
Mary chooses to marry Phillip and they face opposition from the English public- an anti-Spanish feeling grew in London
-This was unsuccessful as they failed to produce an heir.
1555
Navy + military reforms took place:
-The condition of the navy was in decline after Northumberland made peace w/ France.
-New building programmes began which made improvements to the dock lands.
-Naval expenditure was increased through a new finance system.
How were the military + navy reforms successful ?
-6 new ships were built.
-The crown gave £14,000 to the peacetime budget
-Laid the basis for the organisation of the navy which helped Elizabeth in the long term to defeat the Spanish amarda.
Oct 1555-6
Abdication of Charles V + the splitting of his empire between Phillip II and Ferdinand:
-This brought Mary into conflict with the Papacy
-After Mary couldn’t produce an heir, Phillip realised that England held little importance to him + left.
Why was the events of Oct 1555-6 seen as unsuccessful for Mary?
-Marys aim was to restore papal supremacy in England
-Because of the conflict, instead Mary was brought into conflict with the papacy.
April 1557
Scarborough raid
-Led by Thomas Stafford who led french troops
-The grandson of Duke of buckingham
June 1557
England declares war on France:
-Phillip demanded English support against France + after the Scarborough raid, mart decides to declare war on France.
June 1557 pt2
Spain and England go against France and the pope:
-One of the main instigators of the Franco-Spanish conflict was Pope Paul IV who was severely anti-Spanish.
-Mary sent 7000 soldiers.
The loss of Calais
Jan 1558:
-Was controlled by English monarchs for centuries, since 1347
-The loss of Calais was seen as humiliating
-Highlighted the failure of Anglo-Habsburg alliance- Mary’s reliance on the Spanish advisers + pursuit of Spanish Habsburg policy were seen as a betrayal to englands interest.
Why was the loss of Calais unsuccessful for Mary?
-Seen as a crippling blow economically due to the loss of trade
-Allowed Protestant propagandists to put forward the idea that the spanish marriage + catholic policy resulted in the loss of Calais.
Treaty of cateau-cambresis
1559:
-Marked the end to the 65 years of conflict between France and Spain over the control of Italy.
-Phillip abandoned England by allowing France to keep Calais under this treaty
Overall
Marys FP was a failure:
-she failed to produce a catholic heir to the throne
-Loss of Calais was a big humiliation for her.
