foreign policy 1527-40 Flashcards
what treaty and alliance did Henry make in 1527
treaty of Amiens - an alliance with France who were in a weak position
why did Henry want a trade embargo on Charles
His plans to attack the Netherlands in 1527-1528 were calculated to produce an internal collapse in the Habsburgs’ most vulnerable territories, and thus force Charles V to relent in his opposition to Henry’s divorce from the Emperor’s aunt Catherine of Aragon.
explain the trade embargo - were they a success
trade embargo to pressure Charles but lead to widespread unemployment in England and economic issues so Henry had to back down
1529 treaty of Cambrai
France gave up ambitions in Italy and left league of cognac
Wolsey and Henry were isolated
led to Wolseys fall that same year :(
when was the great matter solved
1533
how did Henry solve the great matter - how did leaders react
in 1533 by breaking with Rome
- Catholic Europe was horrified but it had no initial repercussions as Charles was more concerned with the threats posed to Christian Europe by the Ottoman Turks
what was the league of schlmalkalden and why did Henry want an alliance
German princes who supported Martin Luther (a protestant )
- founded upon mutual mistrust
What was a result of England’s now weak position due to great matter in 1527 (2)
- Henry and Wolsey were forced to make an alliance with the French at the Treaty of Amiens in 1527
- This alliance against Charles allowed Wolsey to try and pressurise Charles by imposing a trade embargo with Burgundy but Charles retaliated causing widespread unemployment in England which meant Wolsey had to back down
what had Charles done in 1529 that was a problem for Henry? (2)
he defeated french so they had to give up ambitions in italy and still had control over pope
What did Henry try to do in 1532 with France and how did it fail?
Henry tried to make an alliance with France to make his position more secure, but both of them were in weak positions and it did not put much pressure on Charles
plus francis married his son to Catherine de medici the popes neice
what league did Henry join to try reinforce his position after the break from Rome in 1533
league of Schlmalkalden
What changed in 1536 that reduced the pressure on Henry? (2)
- the death of Catherine of Aragon and the execution of Anne Boleyn
- fighting between Charles and Francis resumes and reduced the potential danger of England’s isolated position
What changed in 1538 that changed Henry’s position for the worse? (3)
- Charles and Francis buried their differences in the Treaty of Nice and each agreed to sever their connections with England
- Pope Paul III published a bull (a letter or formal declaration from the Pope) deposing Henry and absolving English Catholics from the need to obey their ruler
- the Pope sent envoys to both France and Scotland to rouse support for a Catholic crusade against Henry
what does it mean if a pope publishes a bull
a letter or formal declaration (specifically from the pope)
Why did Henry pass the Six Articles Act of 1539?
was worried about the anti-English alliance ,
reversing some of the earlier Protestant reforms and was intended to reassure Catholic opinion in England and other foriegn powers (spain and france)
Why did Henry marry Anne of Cleves?
did it work
- thought he was going to be invaded by Francis and Charles - he believed that marrying Anne coupled with an alliance with the League of Schmalkalden would be a useful insurance policy
-ended up being politically redundant and personally unsuitable as the short-term friendship between Charles and Francis broke down which left Henry in a more secure position
What did Henry regard Ireland as?
Henry regarded Ireland as
troublesome, rebellious part of his territories, like the north of England but worse
What authority did Henry have in Ireland?
English authorities remained in control of the Pale , the area around Dublin, and little else
Who was the Earl of Kildare
the dominant Irish nobleman,
he had supported Lambert Simnel and was both an English courtier and servant of the crown as well as the most powerful Gaelic chiefs
Ireland with Kildare?
For Henry it was difficult to govern Ireland with Kildare but impossible without him
What happened to earl of kildare in 1534?
he was dismissed, leading to a major rebellion by his son Thomas, which was only put down with great difficulty and expense
What did earl of kildare announce but what effect did this have on the cause of the rebellion?
announced his support for the Pope and Emperor Charles but any rebellion had little to do with protestants doctrines as they had not been introduced in England at the time
What did Henry try and fail to do with Ireland?
tried to bring the Irish government more in line with England but this failed, to succeed it needed a royal government through an English born deputy, supported by a substantial military presence which was a huge drain on resources
What did Henry’s attempts to bring the Irish government into line result in?
It created opposition from the Gaelic Lords who invaded the Pale in 1539
What happened in 1541?
ireland
Control was re-established and Ireland was made a separate kingdom, imposing English Law and creating counties of the Gaelic lordships to try and pacify the Irish
why did reforms in ireland fail
three
-There was a lack of resources to follow through these reforms,
-no loyalty from the Irish to the English crown
-the religious differences between the 2 countries brought on by the break from Rome made the relationship complicated and fraught
why is Ireland still not considered a success, even though control was re established
no Irish loyalty and religious differences - they’re catholic
failures of foreign policy in 1527-40 (5)
- trade embargo with Charles that resulted in unemployment and Henry backing down
- treaty of nice and cambrai lead to English isolation
- still tension from great matter
- ireland - no loyalty - couldn’t reform it properly due to costs
- pope sent envoys to gain support for a crusade
positives of foreign policy in 1527-40 (kinda ) (4)
- league of Schlamalkden and Anne of cleaves (both broke down but reaffirmed English position kinda)
- six articles to reaffirm catholic opinion
- suppressed Irish rebellion
- managed to get away with breaking from papal supremacy due to ottomans and shifting alliances
