Foreign Policy

Question 1

Scottish FP aims (3)

Answer 1

Reduce MQS claim to the throne
Prevent invasion
Protect interest of Scottish Protestants

Question 2

When + what treaty (S) help Protestants (3+)

Answer 2

February 1560
Treaty of Berwick
Agree terms under English fleet + army come to Scotland to expel the French troops who were defending the Regency of Mary of Guise

Question 3

What happened after of treaty of Berwick (2)

Answer 3

Army and navy blockaded Port of Leith where the bulk of the French force was situated
1560 = Latin mass prohibited in Scotland by parliament during the Reformation of
Parliament

Question 4

Outcome of treaty of Berwick (4+)

Answer 4

The siege failed
Other circumstances forced a French withdrawal:
French fleet = severely damaged by storms
Regent Mary of Guise died
Cecil was able to secure favourable terms in the Treaty of Edinburgh

Question 5

What + when Edinburgh treaty (3)

Answer 5

Treaty of Edinburgh = 1560
Replace the Auld Alliance with France = new Anglo-Scottish alliance
Maintained peace between England and France = The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis

Question 6

Terms of treaty of Edinburgh (3)

Answer 6

All French military forces were withdraw from Scotland
England + Ireland belong to Queen Elizabeth = Queen Mary will no longer claim to be Queen of these kingdoms
French soldiers will not be brought to Scotland again unless the kingdom is invaded

Question 7

Parliament because of ToE = 1560 (2)

Answer 7

The Scottish Parliament = called to meet on 10th August
The Lords of the Congregation were accepted as provisional conciliar government

Question 8

How did the guises power fall (2)

Answer 8

Death of Francis II in December 1560
1561 = MQS was forced to return to Scotland after the death of her husband

Question 9

Thoughts on treaty of Edinburgh (3++)

Answer 9

Cecil = triumph = interests of Scottish Protestants had been protected and Mary’s political influence had been significantly reduced
French withdrawal in 1560 allowed Cecil to negotiate favourable terms for the peace treaty
Lucky as the English siege in 1560 failed and French withdrew

Question 10

France FP aims (2+)

Answer 10

Elizabeth came to throne = at war with France = loss of Calais + costly
E wanted to end the war with France = luckily F +S didn’t have the finances to continue anyway

Question 11

When + what treaty of Cateau-Cambresis (4)

Answer 11

April 3 1559
Henry II of France = secure peace
France would retain Calais for 8 years then return it providing English had kept peace
If France failed to return it = pay England £125,000

Question 12

Significance of Francis 11 coming to throne 1559

Answer 12

French garrison in Edinburgh and on Northern Boarder

Question 13

Why treaty of Hampton court (3+)

Answer 13

French Wars of Religion between Catholics and Protestants broke out
Catholic families, including the Guises against Huguenot families = led by the Prince of Conde
A massacre of Huguenots at Vassy by the Duke of Guise = reason to intervene

Question 14

When + what treaty of Hampton court (3)

Answer 14

1562
Promised loans and military aid to the Huguenots
Elizabeth promised Prince of Code (leader of Protestant side) 6,000 men and a £30,000 loan

Question 15

Switching sides from Huguenots (4)

Answer 15

The Earl of Warwick captured Le Harve
Trying to exchange Le Havre for Calais
The Huguenots = disillusioned = reached a temporary truce with the Catholics
Planned to oust the English from Le Harve

Question 16

Outcome of Huguenots + catholic situation (5+)

Answer 16

Huguenot side was defeated and Conde was captured
The Duke of Guise was assassinated = both sides were now leaderless
Peace was made between Catholics and Protestants
United AGAINST England + drove them out of Le Havre
Had to accept an unfavourable settlement in 1564 = Treaty of Troye

Question 17

Treaty of Troye when + what (4)

Answer 17

1564
English and French governments
Unfavourable due to betrayal by French Huguenots
Permanent loss of Calais as well as losing the protection gained at Cateau-Cambresis

Question 18

Was treaty of troye good + was it bad (3+)

Answer 18

Calais was expensive to maintain
Short term = significant blow to her prestige
Became more cautious about supporting Protestant causes on the European continent + rebels against a legitimate monarch = Netherlands

Question 19

Spain FP aims for Elizabeth (3)

Answer 19

Modest
No desire to bring about destruction of Spanish empire or to invade Spain
Focus = English national security = no France + Spain alliance

Question 20

Phillip of Spain respect liz?

Answer 20

Phillip tried to prevent Elizabeth’s excommunication twice

Question 21

Spain and England trade problems (5+)

Answer 21

1563 = Philip banned the import of English cloth to the Netherlands
Officially = protect the Netherlands against plague from England
Ban reflected annoyance = balance of trade in England’s favour
Elizabeth responded = banning all imports from the Netherlands
Both sides backed down and normalised trade relations in 1564

Question 22

Why BoT in englands favour (2)

Answer 22

Elizabeth turned a blind eye to piracy in the Channel
And English merchants spreading Protestant ideas in the Netherlands

Question 23

How + why Elizabeth intervene in Scotland in dec 1559 (2)

Answer 23

Cecil threatened to resign
Navy was sent to the Firth of Forth = stop French reinforcements from landing

Question 24

Religious conflict in Scottish (2+)

Answer 24

Lords of congregation = John Knox
French Guise