Foreign Policy : 10/19/15 Flashcards
_______ _____ consists of the strategies and goals that guide a nation’s relations with other countries and groups in the world.
Foreign policy
The specific strategies that make up U.S. ______ _____ from year to year change in response to changes in the international government.
Foreign policy
The ____-____ goals of that policy remain constant, reflecting both the nation’s i_____ and its s___-______.
Long-term, ideals, self-interest
The principal goal of American foreign policy is to p______ the s______ of the United States.
Preserve, security
_______ _______ means protection of a nation’s borders and territories against invasion or control by foreign powers.
National security
In today’s global economy n______ s______ means more than m_____ d_____.
National security, military defense
Maintaining _____ with other nations and preserving access to necessary _____ _______ have also been basic goals of U.S. foreign policy.
Trade, natural resources
Productive American f______ and f____ need f______ m______ in which to sell their goods.
Factories, farms, foreign markets
Generally, the United States supports t____ that is free from both e____ and i____ r_____.
Trade, export, import restrictions
American leaders also work for _____ _____ because they believe it helps the nation avoid outside conflicts and aids national security.
World peace
The United States tries to help other nations settle disputes and has to also supplied e_______ a__ to __-____ c______.
Economic aid, at-risk countries
The rise of ______ _____, along with direct _______ ______, have made the goal of w_____ p____ an even greater challenge.
Terrorist groups, terrorist attacks, world peace
The United States aids d________ nations and helps others create democratic political systems. : IE. S____ K_____, V____, I___, A________
Democratic, South Korea, Vietnam, Iraq, Afghanistan
The United States has responded by providing f___, m______ s_____, and t_______ a______ for h________ reasons.
Food, medical supplies, techinical assistance, humanitarian
This aid serves the strategic interests of the United States by maintaining p_______ s_______ in the world.
Political stability
Until the late 1800s, American foreign policy was based on __________- the avoidance of involvement in world affairs.
Isolationism
When ______ _________ became president in ___, the US was a small nation in deep debt.
George Washington, 1789
In 1823 President ______ _____ announced a new foreign policy known as the ______ _____. It began to look for w____ m_____ for its products and for new sources of r___ m_______.
James Monroe, Monroe Doctrine, world markets, raw materials
For some government leaders, i__________ no longer fit the US’s role as an e_______ p_____.
Isolationism, economic power
The US leaders of the time believed the nation needed to expand and acquire a c_______ e_____.
Colonial empire
In ____ the US fought the ______ _______ ___.
1898, Spanish American War
As a result, the US acquired the P_______ I_____, G___, and P_____ R___.
Philippine Islands, Guam, Puerto Rico
The United States was now a major power in the C_______ as well as the P_____ r____ and E___ A___.
Caribbean, Pacific region, East Asia
When _____ ___ __ began in Europe in ___, i_______ s_______ in the United States was still strong.
World War I, 1914, isolationist sentiment
Disillusioned by the terrible ___ of ___, Americans returned to i_________.
Cost, war, isolationism
When _____ ___ __ began in ____, the United States officially remained n_____.
World War II, 1939, neutral
The Japanese attack on P____ H____ in ___, however, drew the United States into war.
Pearl Harbor, 1941
Since World War II, US foreign policy has been based on i____________.
Internationalism
The United States emerged from World War II as the leader of the ____ ____ of the world.
Free nations
US government leaders viewed the power of the S_____ U____ as a threat to n______ s_______.
Soviet Union, national security
Between 1945 and 1949, the S____ U____ established control over the governments of E_____ E______ countries.
Soviet Union, Eastern European
In ____ C_____ C_______ seized control of C____.
1949, Chinese Communists, China
The C_______ t_______ in these nations convinced American leaders that they must halt C_______ a______.
Communist takeovers, Communist aggression
The ____ ___ was a war of w____ and i______ rather than a s______ war.
Cold War, words, ideologies, shooting
With the threat of expanding communism, the US drew upon the ideas of G_____ __. K____, an American diplomat and expert on Soviet history and culture.
George F. Kenan
The US would create a policy known as __________- the policy designed the Soviet Union from expanding its powers.
Containment
America also tried to stop the spread of c_________ by giving e______ a__ to nations they said were threatened by t_________ r_____.
Communism, economic aid, totalitarian regimes
President H_____ T______ announced what later became known as the _______ ______ in a speech in 1947.
Harry Truman, Truman Doctrine
Months later the ________ ____ provided badly needed economic aid for war-torn E_____.
Marshall Plan, Europe
C___ W__ tensions and fears also led to an ____ ____.
Cold War, arms race
The Cold War policy of containment drew the United States into two wars. : _____ & ______
Korea, Vietnam
In the K_____ W__ the US aided pro-American ____ Korea when it was invaded by communist ____ Korea.
Korean War, South, North
T_____ saw the invasion of South Korea as ___________ by the S_____ U____ and sent American troops there under UN sponsorship.
Truman, expansionism, Soviet Union
In the V_____ W__, the United States committed troops for many years to fight on the side of the S___ Vietnamese government against the Communist N____ Vietnam.
Vietnam War, South, North
In ___ the ______ ___ dividing Communist East Germany from the democratic West Germany was torn down by demonstrators.
1989, Berlin Wall
US troops were sent to hotspots across the globe while policymakers called on the US to stay involved in world politics to protect American t_____ i_____, encourage d_____, and advance h_____ r____.
Trade interests, democracy, human rights
In 1990 ___’s leader, S_____ H_____, invaded neighboring K____ threatening Middle Eastern __ supplies.
Iraq, Saddam Hussein, Kuwait, oil
These actions included a program of inspections aimed at preventing Iraq from developing w______ of m___ d______.
Weapons of mass destruction
During the 1990s S______ H_____ kept tension high by failing to cooperate with UN-mandated inspections.
Saddam Hussein
Throughout the 1990’s President C_____ sent US forces to several places in attempts to maintain p______ o____and protect h_________ interests.
Clinton, political order, humanitarian
In ____ American troops join a multi-nation force in S_____ to protect relief organizations operating during a civil war.
1992, Somalia
In ____ American troops preserved order in H____ when their president was forced to flee the country.
1994, Haiti
In ____ American and NATO allies intervened to end ethnic warfare among C____, S____, and M_____ resulting from the breakup of the former Y_________.
1995, Croats, Serbs, Muslims, Yugoslavia
In ____, American and NATO air power and troops forced Serbian troops to withdraw from the Y_______ province of K______.
1999, Yugoslavian, Kosovo
The FBI and intelligence sources identified the attack as the work of __-_____, a global network of Islamic terrorists whose leaders were based in A_______.
Al-Qaeda, Afghanistan
President ______ __ _____ quickly announced that a w__ on t______ would become the focus of his administration.
George W. Bush, war on terrorism
The Bush administration’s framework states that ________ should replace c________ and d_______ as the foundation American strategy.
Preemption, containment, deterrence
_________ means that the US will strike first with military force against any terrorist groups or rogue states that might threaten the nation with weapons of mass destruction.
Preemption
President Bush applied ________ in M_____ ____ when the US and a coalition of others removed the government of ________ ______.
Preemption, March 2003, Saddam Hussein
In _________ _____, ______ _____ would be captured.
December 2003, Saddam Hussein
The F_____ of the Constitution attempted to divide the responsibility for f______ a____ between the p______ and C______.
Framers, foreign affairs, president, Congress
The president derives power to formulate foreign policy from two source. : 1. The _________ lists certain presidential powers related to foreign policy. 2. As the head of the world’s superpower, the president functions as an important w_____ l_____.
Constitution, world leader
The Constitution grants the president the power to be the c________ in c____of the nation’s military forces.
Commander in chief
The president may send t_____, s____, and p____ or may even use n______ w_____ anywhere in the world, without c___________ a______.
Troops, ships, planes, nuclear weapons, congressional approval
In addition, A_____ __, S______ __ grants the president certain d______ powers.
Article II, Section 2, diplomatic
The president appoints a_________, who represent the nation in diplomatic matters.
Ambassadors
By receiving these a_________, the president gives formal r_________ to that government.
Ambassadors, recognitions
Refusing to r______ an a_________, the president can withhold diplomatic r________ of a foreign government.
Receive, ambassador, recognitions
Formal r________ of a government is vital because it qualifies that government to receive e______ and other forms of ___.
Recognition, economic, aid
A_____ __, S_____ __ also gives the president power to make ______.
Article II, Section 2, treaties
A _____ is a formal agreement between the governments of two or more nations.
Treaty
As a h___ of s____, the president plays an important part in controlling f_____ p_____.
Head of state, foreign policy
The president has the final responsibility for establishing f______ p_____.
Foreign policy
Two cabinet departments make foreign policy a full time concern. : 1. D_______ of D_____. 2. D_______ of S____.
Department of Defense, Department of State
The S________ of S____ supervises all the diplomatic activities of the American government.
Secretary of State
The S_______ of S____ carries on diplomacy at the ______ level.
Secretary of State, highest
The S______ of S____ travels to f_____ c______ for important negotiations with head of state and represents the US at major i___________ c______.
Secretary of State, foreign capitals, international conferences
The S_______ of D____ supervises the _______ activities of the US government.
Secretary of Defense, military
The president receives info and advice from the S________ of D_____ on the nation’s m______ f_____, w______, and b_____.
Secretary of Defense, military forces, weapons, bases
The n_______ s______ a_____ is the director of the ________ _______ _____ (?) plays a major role in foreign affairs.
National security advisor, National Security Council (NSC)
Dr. __________ ____ was the first woman to be chosen as national security advisor.
Condoleezza Rice
The task of gathering and coordinating this information is primarily the responsibility of the _______ ______________ _____.
Central Intelligence Agency
The N______ S_____ ___ established the ___ and defined its duties in ____.
National Security Act, CIA, 1947
Today the ___ under the direction of the _______ _______ _______, coordinates the intelligence activities of other agencies.
CIA, National Security Council
The ___ also safeguards top secret information and conducts intelligence operations that the council authorizes.
CIA
Critics of the ___ have questioned the agency’s e_______.
CIA, efficiency
I_________ was the most evident after the ___ failed to predict I___’s invasion of K______ in 1990.
Inefficiency, CIA, Iraq, Kuwait
The collapse of the ______ ____ during 1991 caught the CIA by surprise.
Soviet Union
It is the p________ who determines what policies are to be followed.
President
The C__________ gives Congress significant foreign policy powers. : Power to d______ w___ and a_________ m_____.
Constitution, declare war, appropriate money
The C_________ balances the president’s powers as c________ __ c____ by gathering Congress the power to d______ w___.
Constitution, commander in chief, declare war
Congress has exercised its power to declare war only five times in our nation’s history. : W__ of ____, ____ against M____, ____ against S____, ____ against G_____, ___ against J____, G______, and I____.
War 1812, 1846 Mexico, 1898 Spain, 1917 Germany, 1941 Japan, Germany, and Italy
Instead of requesting a formal d_________ of ___, presidents have asked Congress to pass a j_____ r______ concerning the use of American t___.
Declaration of war, joint resolution, troops
Congress passed the G____ __ T_____ R______ in V_____ to authorize the president “to take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the US.”
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, Vietnam
Congress tried to check the president’s power to send troops into combat by passing the ___ _______ ___ of ___. The act delayed that the president could not send troops into combat for more than __ ____ without the consent of Congress.
War Powers Act of 1973, 60 days
Congress must authorize funds for d_____ and f_____ a__ each year.
Defense, foreign aid
Congress may refuse to provide ____ for ___ to other nations.
Funds, aid
The Constitution also give the S____ the power of “a_____ and c____” on all t______.
Senate, advice and consent, treaties
The president may make t_____ with foreign governments, but ___s vote of the Senate must ratify them.
Treaties, 2/3s
E________ a_________ are pacts between the president and the head of a foreign government that have the legal status of treaties but do not require Senate approval.
Executive agreements
Today, the e_______ a________ make up more than __% of all United States international agreements.
Executive agreements, 90%
Under US law the president may grant ____-________-____ (?) status to trading partners.
Most-favored-nation, MFN
By a ___s majority vote Congress may overturn the president’s decision to grant MFN. : In ____, ____ was granted permanent MFN status.
2/3, 2000, China
Over the past several decades, the president’s foreign policies have enjoyed _______ (___-_____) c__________ s_____.
Bipartisan (two-party) congressional support
The p______ has advantages over Congress in conducting f______ p_____.
President, foreign policy
- Only the _______– or a chosen spokesperson such as the ________ of _____– can speak for the nation in dealings with other governments.
President, secretary of state
- The president controls those agencies, D________ of _____ and the N______ S______ C______, that help formulate and carry out foreign policy on a day-to-day basis.
Department of State, National Security Council
- The _______ is able to take q____ and d_____ a____.
President, quick, decisive action
- By using e_______ a_______, the president can bypass the S_____ when making agreements with other nations.
Executive agreements, Senate
The p_______ and C_______ have the major responsibility for making f_____ p_____, and are often influenced by the ________ of the American people.
President, Congress, foreign policy, opinions
Pressure from ________ _______ can also affect foreign policy.
Interest groups
H_____ r_____ i_____ can have a substantial impact on legislation that affects their areas of interest.
Human rights issues
The D__________ __ ______, is one of the smallest cabinet-level departments in terms of employees, yet they carry out foreign policy.
Department of State
The D__________ __ _______ is the largest of all the executive departments both in terms of money spent and people employed.
Department of Defense
Created by Congress in ____, the Dept. of ______ was the first executive department. Originally it was known as the Department of _______ ______.
1789, State, Foreign Affairs
The _______ __ _____ is generally considered to be the most important member of the cabinet, ranking just below the president and vice president.
Secretary of state
The ________ __ _____ is the ___ in line for presidential succession.
Secretary of State, 4th
Your current secretary of state is ____ _____.
John Kerry
Dept. of State carries out __ important functions : 1. Keep the president informed about international issues. 2. Maintain diplomatic relations with foreign governments. 3. N________ t______ with f______ g__________. 4. Protect the interests of Americans who are traveling or conducting business abroad.
4, Negotiate, treaties, foreign governments
___ assistant secretaries direct the ___ geographical bureaus of the State Dept. : Bureau of A_____ A____, E________ and E_______ A_____, E___ A____ and P_____ A____, W_______ H________ A____, N___ E_____ A_____, and S_____ A____ A_____.
Six, six, African Affairs, European & Eurasian Affairs, East Asia & Pacific Asia, Western Hemisphere Affairs, Near Eastern Affairs, South Asian Affairs
Officials who are assigned to serve abroad in foreign countries belong to the F_____ S_____.
Foreign Service
______ ______ _______ (?) usually spend several years abroad in a diplomatic post.
Foreign Service Officers (FSOs)
_____ are normally assigned either to an American embassy or to an American consulate.
FSOs
The United States maintains ________ in the c_____ c____ of foreign countries.
Embassies, capital cities
An ________ includes the official residence and offices of the ambassador and his/her staff.
Embassy
The primary function of an _______ is to make d________ c_____________ between governments easier.
Embassy, diplomatic communication
Currently the State Dept. directs the work of over ____ American embassies and consulates.
200
An ____________ heads each American embassy.
Ambassador
An ____________ is appointed by the president and must be confirmed by the Senate.
Ambassador
The s_________ help resolve disputes that arise between the host country and the US.
Specialists
In major disagreements, governments may break off d_______ r______ by closing their e________, this ranks as the strongest sign of displeasure one government can show to another.
Diplomatic relations, embassies
The US also maintains offices known as __________ in major cities of foreign nations.
Consulates
________ function primarily to promote American business interests in foreign countries and to serve and safeguard American travelers in the countries where _______ are located.
Consulates, consulates
Heading each consulate is a F_____ S_____ O_____ called a ____.
Foreign Service Officer, consul
For Americans traveling abroad, the State Department issues a document called a ________.
Passport
A _____ is a special document issued by the government of the country that a person wishes to enter.
Visa
The __________ __ _____ assists the president in carrying out the duties of commander in chief.
Department of Defense
Before ____ the D________ of ___ and the ____ were responsible for the nation’s defense.
1947, Departments of War, Navy
After WWII and military reorganization, the N_______ S______ E__________ was founded and two years later became the Dept. of ______.
National Security Establishment, Defense
In order to maintain c_____ c____ of the military, the top leaders of the Dept. of Defense all are required to be ______.
Civilian control, citizens
The _________ __ _____ is the largest executive department. It is headquartered at the ________.
Department of Defense, Pentagon
The ___ _______ _____, under the jurisdiction of the ____, maintains its own leadership, identity, and traditions.
US Marine Corps, Navy
The p_____, the N______ S_____ C_____, and the S__ of D______ rely on the _____ _____ of ____ for military advice.
President, National Security Council, Sec of Defense, Joint Chiefs of Staff
The Joint Chiefs of Staff is a ___ member group. : C___ of S___ of the A____, A__ F____, N_____ O_____, C__________ of the M_____ C____, C_______ and V___ C_____ of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
Six, Chief of Staff of the Army, Air Force, Naval Operations, Commandant of the Marine Corps, Chairman and Vice Chairman
The _________ is appointed for a ___ year term by the president.
Chairman, two
The US has two methods of staffing its armed forces. : 1. C________– or compulsory military service. 2. V________.
Conscription, volunteers
Since ____ all young men who have passed their __th birthdays have been required to register their names and addresses with local d____ b_____.
1980, 18, draft boards
In 1945 the United States and leaders of the war torn nations in Western Europe agreed to protect each other from domination by the _____ _____.
Soviet Union
The ______ _______ _____ ________ (?) would be founded in ____ as a mutual defense alliance.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 1949
_____ members agreed to come to the aid of any member who is attacked.
NATO
Since the end of the C____ W___ in ____, ____ has redefined itself in 2 ways: 1. NATO has expanded its mission to include c____ i______ and p__________ in other areas of the world. 2. NATO has expanded its m__________.
Cold War, 1990, NATO, crisis intervention, peacekeeping, membership
In ____ the US signed a treaty establishing the ____________ of _________ ______ (?) which is primarily concerned with promoting economic development in the Americas.
1948, Organization of American States
____, ___, and _____ are all examples of ________ _____– are the international agreements signed by several nations.
NATO, OAS, ANZUS, multilateral treaties
A ________ ______ is an agreement that involves only two nations.
Bilateral treaty
_________ ______ is a system by which the participating nations agree to take joint action against a nation that attacks any one of them.
Collective security
Today, the _____ for __________ __________ (?) administers American programs of economic aid.
Agency for International Development (AID)
A_______ and e_______ b_____ are two methods of influencing the p_____ of other nations.
Alliances, economic benefits, policies
The w_______ or d_____ of b______ is a third diplomatic strategy.
Withdrawal, denial of benefits
One way of withdrawing benefits is by applying _______- - are measures such as withholding loans, arms, or economic aid to force a foreign government to cease certain activities.
Sanctions
