Foreign Affairs 2 Flashcards
What had thatcher signed in 1986 which appeared to be pro Europe ? However why was this not the case
The single European act.
Thatcher wanted a single market but didn’t fully understand how the SEA would be used to change the relationship with Britain and Europe.
To counter the direction of the SEA she did a speech in Bruges in 1988 to set out her vision for Europe. She wanted to emphasis that the EEC was a trade association between sovereign states.
What impact did the Bruges speech have
Although it intended to be positive it infuriated other European leaders and raised doubts about Britain’s commitment to further Europe integration. Meanwhile in Britain the speech enthused eurospectics.
Howe and major thought she was backtracking from position she had already agreed since 1985.
Why was thatcher enthusiastic about expanding the EEC
After the collapse of communism. She wanted to include new states in Eastern Europe. This was to extend free trade and to make sure communism was truly defeated.
Why kind of government did major inherit in regards to Europe
What did the masstricht treat of 1992 allow
Divided
Europhiles - ken Clarke and Chris pattern
Eurosceprics- Michael portillo and john redwood. These were encouraged by thatchers any European interventions.
- allowed them to voice there concerns about the direction of the European Union. Under the terms of the treaty the EEC became the EU. Major style enabled him to establish good person links with the likes of German chancellor helmet kohl. Even after the treaty was ratified it did not bring an end to the division.
What happened with major and the Maastricht rebels
In July 1993 - rebel MPs blocked majors attempt to get parliament to ratify with the Maastricht treaty. Major won the vote by threatening a vote of no confidence, which if he would of lost would of lead to a general election. The conservatives were far behind in polls so this threat made sure he got sufficient support. But it made major appear weak.
What party was set up in 1993
UKIP
Why did the year 1989 become the heat of miracles
What did thatcher then fear
As communism collapsed across Europe.
Thatcher and Reagan willingness to negotiate with Gorbachev created a peaceful end.
- feared a German superstate dominating Europe. Because of her strained relationship with Germany unlike Gorbachev and bush she was not invited to the 10th anniversary of the fall of the wall in 1999.
What war started up after the Cold War
Sad am hussein, the president of Iraq sent forced to conquer the oil rich state of Kuwait in the Arabian gulf in august 1990. An American led coalition including Britain expelled Iran forces from Kuwait in a short military campaign.
Why was the optimism of the EU playing a bigger part in world affairs shattered
In the balkans.
Crisis in Yugoslavia stemmed from the collapse of communism. From 1989 the Yugoslav president Milosevic was transforming form communist party leader to an extreme Serbia nationalist and threatening violent action against the Albanian population in Kosovo.
In 1991 - the northern republic of Slovenia declared independence and the Yugoslav state began to break up. They were violent clashed between Serbia and Croatia between the people of different ethnicities and religions.
Hurd, the British forgein sec was optimistic that international mediation may be effective and that Britain could make a major contribution. However the efforts of European diplomats failed. The aim was not clear.
When did war begin in Bosnia
What was majors role
April 1922. The Muslim population was driven out of eastern Bosnia by violent ethnic cleansing
- major held a conference in London with the EU and the UN. and the UN peacekeeping force was put into place. Owens set out a framework for lasting settlement. Major was praised but the war in Bosnia carried on for another 3 years.
What was the massacre at screbrenica
What did this show was weak?
1995- Bosnia Serb forces entered screbrenica. More that 7000 Bosnia men and boys massacred in one of the worst atrocities to occur in Europe since the end of ww2. This showed the failure of the UN peacekeeping mission. It showed limits to the EU diplomacy and the UN peacekeeping
Who needed to intervene for the Balkan political leaders to negotiate
USA and NATO. American air strikes on Serb forces led to a peace conference in Ohio. A peace treaty was signed in 1995. This made Bosnia independent.
