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Radiology Positioning Final > Forearm, Elbow, and Humerus > Flashcards

Forearm, Elbow, and Humerus Flashcards

1
Q

What two bones does the forearm consist of?

A

-ulna
-radius

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2
Q

located on the medial side

A

Ulna

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3
Q

located on the lateral side

A

Radius

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4
Q

What is located on the ulna?

A

-olecranon process (proximal and posterior)
-coronoid process (proximal and anterior) be like process
-trochlear notch
-radial notch
-body (shaft)
-head (distal end)
-ulnar styloid process (distal end)

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5
Q

What is located on the radius?

A

-radial head (proximal)
-neck (proximal)
-radial tuberosity( proximal)
-body
-radial styloid process

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6
Q

Considered a long bone in the upper arm

A

Humerus

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7
Q

What does the head of the humerus articulate with?

A

Articulates with scapula to form shoulder joint

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8
Q

What does the distal end of the humerus form?

A

Part of the elbow joint

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9
Q

Proximal humerus consist of:

A

-head
-anatomical neck (superior)
-surgical neck (most fractures)
-greater tubercle (lateral aspect of humerus)
-lesser tubercle
-intertubercular groove (bicipital groove)

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10
Q

What does the distal humerus consist of:

A

-medial epicondyle (ulna)
-lateral epicondyle (radius)
-trochlea
-capitulum (articulate with radial head)
-coronoid fossa
-olecranon fossa (posterior)
-radial fossa (received radial head)

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11
Q

portion of the humerus that articulates with the radial head?

A

capitulum

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12
Q

Essential Projections: Forearm

A

-AP
-Lateral

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13
Q

what is the collimation for the forearm?

A

2 inches distal to the wrist and proximal to the elbow and 1 inch on the sides

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14
Q

What is the position for AP Forearm?

A

-elbow fully extended with hand supinated
-long axis of forearm aligned parallel
-Upper limb in the same plane
-Slight superimposition of the radial head, neck, and tuberosity over the proximal ulna

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15
Q

What is the central ray for the AP forearm?

A

-perpendicular to IR
-Enters patient at midpoint of forearm

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16
Q

When the hand is supinated in an AP forearm

A

The radius and ulna do not crossover

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17
Q

When the hand is prone in an AP forearm?

A

The radius and ulna crossover each other

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18
Q

What is the position for a lateral forearm?

A

-elbow flexed at 90 degrees
-include wrist and elbow joint (distal humerus)
-ulnar and radial styloid process superimposed
-rotate hand into a lateral position (thumb down)
-Keep everything in the same plane

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19
Q

What is the central ray for the lateral forearm?

A

-perpendicular to the IR
-enters patient at midpoint of forearm
-epicondyles will be perpendicular
-radial tuberosity facing anteriorly

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20
Q

Essential Projections: Elbow

A

-AP
-Lateral
-AP Oblique (medial rotation) (lateral rotation)
-AP partial flexion
(for distal humerus) and (proximal forearm)
-Axiolateral (Coyle method)

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21
Q

What makes up the elbow joint?

A

-humerus
-radius
-ulna

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22
Q

Elbow joints consist of:

A

-proximal radioulnar joint (radial head articulates with radial notch on ulna)
-humeroulnar joint (humerus articulates with trochlea notch)
-humeroradial joint (humerus with head)

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23
Q

In the lateral elbow, you will be able to see

A

anterior fat pad (teardrop)

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24
Q

if it doesn’t look like a teardrop the anterior fat pad

A

the radial head has a fracture

25
Q

When you bend your arm, what happens?

A

The elbow joint is closed

26
Q

What is the position for AP elbow?

A

-upper limb in the same plane with posterior surface in contact with IR
-elbow extended and hand supinated
-elbow centered to middle portion of IR
-epicondyles are parallel with the IR

27
Q

Where do you center for AP elbow?

A

perpendicular to elbow joint

28
Q

What is the collimation for AP elbow?

A

3 inches proximal and distal to the elbow joint and 1 inch on the sides

29
Q

What is the criteria for AP elbow?

A

Radial head, neck, and tuberosity is slightly superimposed over the proximal ulna

30
Q

What is the part position for the lateral elbow?

A

limbs all in the same plane
-elbow flexed 90 degrees
-turn hand up in a lateral position
-don’t worry about thumb
-forearm resting on ulnar surface
-wrist in a true lateral
-epicondyles perpendicular to IR

31
Q

What is criteria for the lateral elbow?

A

-elbow joint open
-superimposed epicondyles
-radial tuberosity facing anteriorly
-radial head partially superimposing the coronoid process
-olecranon process in profile (only in lateral)

32
Q

If elbow is not flexed at 90 degrees for the lateral elbow

A

the posterior elbow fat pad will be seen and stimulates joint pathology

33
Q

What is the part position for AP Oblique Elbow (medial rotation)

A

-limb in the same plane
-elbow center IR
-pronate hand (internally)
-epicondlyes will now be at a 45 degrees

34
Q

Where do we center for the AP Oblique Elbow (medial rotation)

A

perpendicular to elbow joint

35
Q

What is the criteria for the AP Oblique Elbow (medial rotation)?

A

-best demonstrates the coronoid process in profile
-elongates medial epicondyle
-ulna superimposed by the radial head and neck
-trochlea is being demonstrates
-olecranon process within the olecranon fossa

36
Q

What is the part position for AP Oblique Elbow (lateral rotation)

A

-limb in the same plane
-elbow extended
-elbow centered to IR
-Supinate hand and laterally (externally) away from the body
-Epicondyles will be at a 45 degrees
-First and second digit will touch table that’s when you will know if you rotated elbow enough

37
Q

Where do you center for the AP Oblique Elbow (lateral position)

A

perpendicular to elbow joint

38
Q

What is the criteria for AP Oblique Elbow (lateral position)?

A

-elbow joint space open
-radial head off the ulna
-radial neck off the ulna
-radial tuberosity off the ulna
-capitulum is being demonstrated
-lateral epicondyle elongated

39
Q

What is the part position for AP Elbow Distal Humerus (Partial Flexion)

A

-humerus resting on IR
-forearm elevated supoorted
-supinate hand, if possible, center IR to condyles of humerus

40
Q

Where do we center for the AP Elbow Distal Humerus (Partial Flexion)

A

Perpendicular to humerus, passing through elbow joint

41
Q

AP Elbow Distal Humerus (Partial Flexion) show?

A

-humerus in contact demonstrates distal humerus without rotation or distortion
-proximal radius superimposed over the ulna
-joint space is closed
-foreshortened proximal forearm

42
Q

What is the position for AP Ebow Proximal Forearm (Partial Flexion)?

A
  • leave elbow flexed, place dorsal surface of forearm on IR
    -supinate hand if possible
  • proximal radius and ulna without rotation or distortion

-partially open eblow joint

-foreshortened distal humerus

-radial head, neck, and tuberosity slight superimposed over proximal ulna

43
Q

Where do we center for AP Elbow Proximal Forearm (Partial Flexion)?

A

perpendicular to elbow joint and long axis of forearm

44
Q

Why do we do the Axiolateral (Coyle Method)?

A

To demonstrate trauma of radial head and coronoid process if you are unable to do the obliques of the elbow

45
Q

For the radial head for Coyle Method you need to?

A

-Elbow at 90 degrees
-Angle 45 degrees toward shoulder

46
Q

What does the Coyle method show for the radial head?

A

-open joint space between radial head and capitulum
-epicondyles are distorted as a result of central ray angulation
-radial tuberosity facing posteriorly
-radial head, neck, tuberosity in profile and free from superimposition
-radial head elongated
-radial head off ulna

47
Q

For the Coyle Method what do you do for the coronoid process?

A

-elbow flexed at 80 degrees
-Angled 45 degrees away from the shoulder (angle down)

48
Q

Essential projections: Humerus

A

-AP
-lateral
lateral for known or suspected fracture

49
Q

What is the collimation for the humerus?

A

2 inches distal to the elbow joint and superior to the shoulder, and 1 inch on the sides

50
Q

What does the Coyle Method of the coronoid process show?

A

-open joint space between the coranoid process and trochlea
-coranoid process in profile

51
Q

What is the part position for AP Humerus?

A

-place top border of IR approximately 1 1/2 inches (3.8 cm) above humeral head
-slight abduct humerus from body and supinate hand
-coronal plane passes through epicondyles and they will be placed parallel to IR

52
Q

Where do we center for the AP Humerus?

A

perpendicular to mid portion of humerus and centered to IR

53
Q

What do you see in an AP Humerus?

A

-see elbow and shoulder joints
-epicondyles are without rotation parallel
-humeral head and greater tubercle in profile to the lateral
-outline of the lesser tubercle, located between the humeral head and the greater tubercle
-beam divergence resulting in distortion of the elbow joint

54
Q

What is the part position for Lateral Humerus?

A

-place top border of IR approximately 1 1/2 inches (3.8 cm) above humeral head
-if posssible internally roate humerus, flex elbow 90 degrees
-rest palm of hand on hip
-epicondyles are perpendicular to the IR

55
Q

Where do we center for the Lateral Humerus?

A

Mid humerus

56
Q

Where do we center for the Lateral Humerus?

A

Mid humerus

57
Q

What do you see in a lateral Humerus?

A

-elbow and shoulder joint
-superimposed epicondyles (perpendicular to IR)
-lesser tubercle in profile on medial aspect (best demonstrated)
-greater tubercle superimposed over the humeral head

58
Q

What’s the breathing technique for the humerus?

A

Suspended breathing

Radiology Positioning Final (3 decks)

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