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Gross Anatomy > Forearm > Flashcards

Forearm Flashcards

1
Q

1) What are the cutaneous nerves of the forearm (anteriorly}?

A

-Medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm and lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm (from
musculocutaneous)

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2
Q

2) What are the cutaneous nerves of the forearm (posteriorly)?

A
  • Radial nerve and its branches
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3
Q

3) What is the interosseous border?

A

-Borders between the radius and ulna and has an interosseous membrane

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4
Q

4) What happens when the hand is pronated with the ulna and radius?

A

-Radius crosses over the ulna

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5
Q

5) How many bones of the wrist and hand are there?

A

-8 carpals, 5 metacarpals and 14 phalanges

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6
Q

6) What are the 8 carpals {from lateral to medial 151 row and 2nd row}?

A

-scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

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7
Q

7) What does the distal end of the radius do?

A
  • Articulates with the scaphoid and lunate carpal bones
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8
Q

8) What does the distal end of the ulna articulate with?

A
  • an articular disc that articulates with the triquetral
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9
Q

9) What 4 movements can you do at the wrist?

A
  • Flexion, Extension, Abduction (radial deviation}, and Adduction (ulnar deviation)
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10
Q

10) What is the most common fractured carpal bone (wrist)?

A

-Scaphoid

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11
Q

11) What is the most commonly dislocated carpal bone?

A
  • Lunate
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12
Q

12) What are the joints of the hand?

A
  • metacarpophalangeal joint, proximal interphalangeal, distal interphalangeal
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13
Q

13) Where are the metacarpophalangel joints?

A
  • in between the 5 metacarpals and phalanges
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14
Q

14) Proximal interphalangeals?

A
  • in between the proximal and middle phalanges (THUMB DOESN’T HAV E THIS because it doesn ‘t have a middle phalange)
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15
Q

15) Distal interphalangeal?

A

In between the middle and distal phalange

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16
Q

16) What nerves and veins are the superficial fascia of the arm?

A
  • Cephalic vein (laterally), Basilic vein (medially) and cutaneous nerves
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17
Q

17) What covers the forearm?

A
  • Deep fasciae
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18
Q

18) What are the compartments of the forearm?

A
  • 2 compartments of the forearm .Anterior and posterior
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19
Q

19) What are the compartments separated by?

A
  • Radius, ulna, intermuscular septae and interosseous membrane
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20
Q

20) How many muscles are in the anterior compartment and what are their actions?

A
  • 8 muscles used for FLEXION
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21
Q

21) How many muscles are in the posterior compartment and what are their actions?

A
  • 12 muscles used for extension
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22
Q

22) Where is the anterior compartment compared to the radius and ulna? What separates it from the
posterior compartment ?

A
  • Above the radius and ulna. lntermuscular septae separates them .
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23
Q

23) How many layers does the anterior compartment have and what are they?

A

-Superficial and deep layers

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24
Q

24) What is the blood supply for the anterior compartment muscles?

A

-Ulnar artery, Radial artery and Anterior lnterosseous artery

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25
Q

25) What is the nerve supply for the anterior compartment muscles?

A
  • Ulnar and Median nerve
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26
Q

26) Where is the posterior compartment compared to the radius and ulna?

A
  • Below ulna and radius
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27
Q

27) How many layers in the posterior compartment?

A
  • 2 layers in the posterior compartment. Superficial and Deep
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28
Q

28) What is the blood supply for the posterior compartment?

A
  • Posterior interosseous artery
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29
Q

29) What is the nerve supply to the posterior compartment muscles?

A

-Radial nerve and its branches

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30
Q

30) What else does the posterior compartment have that the anterior compartment doesn’t?

A

-A lateral component

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31
Q

31) What are the four muscles of the anterior compartment? What are they used for?

surface of the radius

A
  • Pronator teres, Flexor carpi radialis, Palmaris Longus, and Flexor Carpi Ulnaris. Used for FLEXION
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32
Q

32) What is the origin of the four anterior compartment muscles?

A
  • Common tendon on the medial epicondyle of HUMERUS
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33
Q

33) Origin for pronator teres?

A
  • a. Common tendon on medial epicondyle

b. Medial border of the coronoid process on the ulna

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34
Q

34) Where does pronator teres insert?

A
  • a. Inserts of the lateral
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35
Q

35) Where does the median nerve pass in respect to pronator teres?

A
  • It passes through both heads underneath it
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36
Q

36) What is the origin for flexor carpi radialis?

A
  • It originates from the common tendon on the medial epicondyle on the humerus
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37
Q

37) Where does it insert? .

-

A

On the bases of metacarpals 2 and 3

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38
Q

38) Where is the radial artery in respect to the flexor carpi radialis?

A
  • On the lateral side
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39
Q

39) Where is the median nerve in respect to it?

A

-On the medial side

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40
Q

40) What muscle is next and medial?

A

-Palmaris longus

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41
Q

41) What is the origin for palmaris longus?

A

-Common tendon on medial epicondyle of humerus

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42
Q

42) Where does it insert?

A

-The tendon for palmaris longus inserts on the palmar aponeurosis

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43
Q

43) Where is in respect to the median nerve?

A
  • It is anterior to the median nerve
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44
Q

44) Where is the origin for flexor carpi ulnaris?

A
  • a. Origin is on the medial epicondyle on the humerus

b. Origin is on medial olecranon of the ulna

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45
Q

45) What is the insertion for the flexor carpi ulnaris?

A
  • a. It inserts on the Pisiform bone and base of metacarpal 5
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46
Q

46) Where does the ulnar nerve pass in respect to the flexor carpi ulnaris?

A
  • It passes between the two heads at the posterior elbow
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47
Q

47) Where does the tendon pass in respect to the ulnar artery and nerve on the superficial side?

A
  • Passes medially and superficially to the ulnar artery and nerve at the wrist
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48
Q

48) What is the intermediate layer muscle of the anterior compartment?

A
  • Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
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49
Q

49) Where does the flexor digitorum superficialis originate?

A
  • It originates from 3 places:
    a. Medial epicondyle of humerus
    b. Medial part of ulnar tuberorisity/coronoid process of ulna
    c. Oblique line of radius
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50
Q

50) Where does it insert?

A

-It has a tendon that runs down the anterior surface of the hand and splits into two tendons to insert on the middle phalanges

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51
Q

51) The tendons of the flexor digitorum superficialis go through what?

A

-The carpal tunnel

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52
Q

52) What are the 3 muscles of the deep layer of the anterior compartment?

A

-Flexor digitorum profundus, Flexor pollicis longues, and pronator quadratus

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53
Q

53) What is the origin of flexor digitorum profundus?

A

-a. Proxmial 2/3 of ulna and the interossesus membrane

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54
Q

54) Where does it insert?

A

-Has 4 tendons that leave and go through carpal tunnel and go through the middle of the split tendons from flexor digitorum superficialis tendons that are on the middle phalanges and insert on the distal phalanges of 2 to 5

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55
Q

55) What is the origin of flexor pollicis longus?

A
  • Middle% of the radius and the interosseous membrane
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56
Q

56) What is the insertion of flexor pollicis longus?

A
  • On the distal phalanx of the thumb
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57
Q

57) Where is the median nerve and ulnar nerve in respect to Flexor Digitorum Profundus?

A

-median nerve is on the lateral side and ulnar nerve is on the medial side

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58
Q

58) Where is the median nerve in respect to the flexor pollicis longus?

A

-On the medial side

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59
Q

59) Where is the origin of pronator quadratus?

A

-distal 1/” of the ulna

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60
Q

60) Where is the insertion of pronator quadratus?

A

-Distal end of radius (anterior surface)

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61
Q

61) What are the muscles of the anterior compartment innervated by?

A
  • Innervated by median nerve except for 1.5 muscles
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62
Q

62) What are these muscles and what are they innervated by?

A
  • Flexor carpi ulnarius which is innervated by the ulnar nerve and the medial half of flexor digitorum
    profundus which is innervated by ulnar nerve as well.
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63
Q

63) Muscles of the posterior compartment do what action?

A

-Extension (except brachioradialis which does flexion and helps forearm from full pronation to mid­
pronation)

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64
Q

64) What is the most lateral posterior compartment muscle?

A

-Brachioradialis

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65
Q

65) What is the origin of brachioradialis?

A

-Upper 2/3 of the lateral supracondylar ridge on humerus

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66
Q

66) Where does the brachioradialis insert?

-

A

Styloid process of the radius

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67
Q

67) What is the action of brachioradialis?

A
  • Flexion of forearm at the elbow joint and allows forearm to go from full pronation to mid-pronation
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68
Q

68) What nerve innervates the brachioradialis?

A

Radial nerve

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69
Q

69) What is the next muscle medially?

A

-Extensor carpi radialis longus

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70
Q

70) What is the origin?

A
  • Lower part of supracondylar ridge of humerus
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71
Q

71) Where does it insert?

A

-Posterior base of metacarpal 2

72
Q

72) What are the actions?

A
  • Extends and abducts the hand at the wrist
73
Q

73) What nerve innervates the extensor carpi radialis longus?

A

-Radial nerve

74
Q

74) What muscle is next medially?

A

-Extensor carpi radialis brevis

75
Q

75) What is the origin of the extensor carpi radialis brevis?

A
  • Lateral epicondyle (common tendon)
76
Q

76) What is the insertion of the extensor carpi radialis brevis?

A
  • Base of metacarpal 3
77
Q

77) What nerve innervates the extensor carpi radialis brevis?

A
  • Deep branch of radial nerve
78
Q

78) Action?

A

-Extends and abducts hand at the wrist

79
Q

79) What is the next muscle?

A

-Extensor digitorum

80
Q

80) Where does it originate?

A

-Common tendon on lateral epicondyle

81
Q

81) Where does it insert?

A
  • Base of middle phalanx and base of distal phalanx by an expansor hood from digits 2 to 5
82
Q

82) Nerve supply of extensor digitorum?

A

-Deep branch of radial nerve

83
Q

83) What is the next muscle?

A
  • Extensor digiti minimi
84
Q

84) Where does extensor digiti minimi originate from?

A

-Originates from the lateral epicondyle (common tendon)

85
Q

85) Where does it insert?

A
  • tendon inserts on the base of the little middle phalanx with an extensor hood to the distal phalanx
86
Q

86) What is the action of extensor digitorum?

A

-Extend metacarpophalangeal joints and assist lumbricals and interossei in extending proximal and distal interphalangeal joints

87
Q

87) What is the action of extensor digiti minimi?

A

-Extend metacarpophalangeal jo int at little finger

88
Q

88) What is the nerve supply?

A

-Deep branch of radial nerve

89
Q

89) What is the next muscle?

A

-Extensor carpi ulnaris

90
Q

90) Where does extensor carpi ulnaris originate?

A

-2 places:

a. Lateral epicondyle of humerus
b. Posterior shaft of ulna

91
Q

91) Where does it insert?

A

-Inserts on the posterior base of metacarpal 5

92
Q

92) What is the action of extensor carpi ulnaris?

A

-extend and adduct hand at the wrist

93
Q

93) Nerve innervation?

A
  • Deep branch of radial nerve
94
Q

94) How does the extensor hood work?

A

-It has a central band that attaches to the middle phalanx and then two lateral bands that attach to the
distal phalanx

95
Q

95) Where does the anconeus originate from?

A

-Posterior portion of the lateral epicondyle

96
Q

96) Where does it insert?

A
  • Lateral surface of olecranon process of ulna
97
Q

97) What is the action of the anconeus?

A

-Assist triceps in extension of elbow joint

98
Q

98) What is the nerve supply?

A

-Radial nerve

99
Q

99) What are the 5 muscles that are deep in the posterior compartment of the forearm?

A
  • a. Supinator, b. Extensor pollicis longus, c. Extensor pollicis brevis, d. Extensor indicis, e. Abductor pollicis longus
100
Q

100) Where does the supinator muscle originiate?

A
  • a. posterior lateral epicondyle, b. lateral ligament of elbow joint, c. annular ligament, and d. supinator crest of the ulna
101
Q

101) Where does the supinator muscle insert?

A
  • The supinator muscle inserts on the neck and shaft of the radius
102
Q

102) What is the main action of the supinator?

A

-The supinator assists the biceps brachii in supination of forearm

103
Q

103) What is the nerve supply for the supinator?

A

-Deep branch of the radial nerve

104
Q

104) What is below the supinator?

A

-Abductor pollicis longus

105
Q

105) What is the origin of this muscle?

A

-Posterior middle shaft of the ulna and radius and interosseous membrane

106
Q

106) What does it insert?

A
  • Posterior base of the 151 metacarpal
107
Q

107) Action of abductor pollicis longus?

A
  • It abducts and extends the thumb at the carpometacarpal joint
108
Q

108) Nerve innervation?

A

-deep branch of the radial nerve

109
Q

109} What’s below the abductor pollicis longus?

A
  • Extensor pollicis brevis
110
Q

11O) Where does exensor pollicis brevis originate?

A

-Extensor pollicis brevis originates from the posterior portion of radius and the interosseous
membrane

111
Q

Where does extensor pollicis brevis insert?

A

-extensor pollicis brevis inserts on the posterior base of proximal phalanx of the thumb

112
Q

112} What is the action?

A

-It extends the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb

113
Q

113) What is the nerve supply to this muscle?

A
  • Deep branch of the radial nerve
114
Q

114) What muscle is medial to extensor pollicis brevis?

A

-Extensor pollicis longus

115
Q

115) Where does it originate?

A

-It originates from the posterior ulna and interosseous membrane

116
Q

116) Where does it insert?

A

-Extensor pollicis longus inserts on the distal phalanx of the thumb

117
Q

117) What is the action of extensor pollicis longus?

l

A
  • The action is to extend the distaphalanx of the thumb
118
Q

118) Nerve supply?

A

-Deep branch of the radial nerve

119
Q

119) Where does the extensor pollicis longus tendon pass through?

A

-Around the dorsal tubercle of the radius

120
Q

120) What is the small muscle more medial to the extensor pollicis longus?

A

-Extensor indicis

121
Q

121) Where does it originate from?

A

-It’s tendon inserts on the extensor expansion hood for the index finger by fusing with the tendon of extensor digitorum

122
Q

122) Where does it insert?

A

-It’s tendon inserts on the extensor expansion hood for the index finger by fusing with the tendon of extensor digitorum

123
Q

123) What is the action?

A
  • Extends the index finger at the metacarpophalangeal joint
124
Q

124) Nerve supply?

A

-deep branch of radial nerve

125
Q

125) Out of the extensors, which extend hand at the wrist?

A
  • a. Extensor carpi radialis longus, b. Extensor carpi radialis brevis, c. Extensor carpi ulnaris
126
Q

126) Which extend the fingers?

A
  • a. Extensor digitorum, b. extensor digiti minimi, c. extensor indicis
127
Q

127) Which extend or abduct the thumb?

A
  • a. Abductor pollicis longus, b. Extensor pollicis brevis, c. Extensor pollicis longus
128
Q

128) What is the antebrachial fascia that is on the posterior portion of the forehand?

A

-Extensor retinaculum

129
Q

129) Where does the extensor retinaculum attach?

A

-Distally to the radius, medially to the pisiform, triquetrium, hook and hamate and the styolid process of
the ulna

130
Q

130) What does it form?

A

-It forms 6 osteofibrous canals that the extensor tendons can go through

131
Q

131) What are the canals lined with?

A

-Synovial sheaths

132
Q

132) On the radial side, what two tendons go through the first canal?

A
  • Abductor pollicis longus and Extensor pollicis brevis
133
Q

133) What two tendons go through the second canal?

A

-Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis

134
Q

134) The third canal?

A

-Extensor pollicis longus

135
Q

135) 4th canal?

A

-Extensor digitorum and extensor indicis

136
Q

136) 5th canal?

A

-Extensor digiti minimi

137
Q

137) 5th canal?

A
  • Extensor carpi ulnaris
138
Q

138) What covers the floor of the carpal tunnel?

A

-Flexor retinaculum

139
Q

139) What does flexor retinaculum do?

A
  • It holds the long tendons against the carpals which provides a pulley-like mechanism
140
Q

140) Where does it attach?

A

-To carpals on both lateral and medial sides

141
Q

141) What muscle tendons go through the carpal tunnel?

A
  • a. Flexor Digitorum Superficialis, b. Flexor Digitorum Profundus, c. Flexor Pollicis Longus
142
Q

142) What nerve?

A
  • Median nerve
143
Q

143) What muscle is outside of the carpal tunnel? Where is it exactly?

A

-Flexor Carpi Radialis is outside of the carpal tunnel but directly in the Flexor Retinaculum

144
Q

144) What else is outside of the flexor retinaculum?/

A
  • The ulnar artery and nerve
145
Q

145) What is carpal tunnel syndrome?

A
  • When there is excessive use of the tendons and they become inflamed. The inflammation and swelling of the tendons press up against the median nerve
146
Q

146) How do you alleviate carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

-Cut the flexor retinaculum

147
Q

147) As the tendons pass through the wrist what protects them?

A
  • synovial sheaths
148
Q

148) What kind of bursa surrounds the Flexor Digitorum Superficialis and Profundus tendons?

A

-An Ulnar bursa

149
Q

149) What kind of bursa surrounds the Flexor Pollicis Longus?

A
  • Radial Bursa
150
Q

150) Which bursa can sometimes communicate with the bursa from flexor carpi ulnaris tendon?

A

-Ulnar bursa which can sometimes create problems if one is hurt or if there is an infection because it can spread throughout the whole wrist

151
Q

151) The ulnar and radia bursa can communicate 50 percent of the time causing horseshoe abcess in the case of what?

A

-Tenosynovit is (infection in synovial sheath)

152
Q

152) Two layers of the synovial sheath that wraps around the tendons?

A

-Visceral and Parietal

153
Q

153) Visceral covers what? Parietal?

A

-Visceral covers the actual tendon. Parietal covers the inner layer of the fibrous flexor sheath

154
Q

154) What else wraps around the digital synovial sheaths?

A

-Fibrous flexor sheaths that wrap around the digital synovial sheaths

155
Q

155) What is the purpose of fibrous flexor sheaths?

A
  • Make sure that tendons don’t pull away when performing flexion
156
Q

156) What do the flexor sheaths create?

A

-Osteofibrous tunnel, with annular (looped) portions (5), and 3 cruciform portions

157
Q

157) Which are stronger?

A

-Annular are stronger than cruciform. “pulley”

158
Q

158) What is the main artery that supplies blood to the forearm?

A

-Brachia! artery

159
Q

159) How does it run?

A
  • It runs down the arm and splits
160
Q

160) Where does the brachia! artery split?

A
  • It splits at the level of the cubital fossa into the radial artery and ulnar artery
161
Q

161) The ulnar artery and radial artery go what ways?

A
  • The ulnar goes medial and the radial goes laterally
162
Q

162) What does the ulnar artery break into?

A
  • It splits into the common interosseous artery and the recurrent ulnar that keeps going down the arm
163
Q

163) What does the common interosseous artery split into?

A
  • The anterior and posterior interosseous artery
164
Q

164) When the brachia! artery splits into the radial and ulnar artery, what does the ulnar artery run between?

A

-Runs between FDS and FOP

165
Q

165) Where is the ulnar artery at the level of the wrist?

A

-On the lateral side of FCU

166
Q

166) In the forearm, the median nerve branches into what?

A
  • Anterior lnterosseous Nerve
167
Q

167) What does it pass with?

A

-It passes with the anterior interosseous artery

168
Q

168) Then where does it go?

A

-Goes deep to run between FPL and FOP

169
Q

169) What muscles does the anterior interosseous nerve supply?

A

-a. FPL, b. radial % of FOP and c. PQ

170
Q

170) Where does the radial nerve pass?

A

-Supplies brachioradialis and then forms superficial and deep branches

171
Q

171) Where does the deep branch go?

A
  • Deep branch goes deep between two heads of the supinator muscle
172
Q

172) What does the superficial branch do?

A

-Continues on stays lateral to radial artery and becomes a cutaneous nerve

173
Q

173) The radial pulse is lateral to what tendon?

A
  • Lateral to flexor carpi radialis tendon
174
Q

174) Ulnar pulse?

A

Lateral to flexor carpi ulnaris tendon

175
Q

175) Lymph vessels follow what vein?

A

-Cephalic vein

Gross Anatomy (8 decks)

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