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Gross Anatomy > Deep Back and Vertebral Column > Flashcards

Deep Back and Vertebral Column Flashcards

0
Q

How many vertebrae are there?

A

33

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1
Q

How long is the vertebral column?

A

28-30 inches

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2
Q

How many true vertebrae are there ?

A

24

7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar

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3
Q

What is between the anterior bodies on the vertebrae?

A

Intervertebral disc

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4
Q

What composes the intervertebral disc?

A

In the middle there is nucleus pulposis and on the outskirts there is annular fibrosis

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5
Q

The annular fibrosis is thicker where?

A

Thicker anteriorly than posteriorly

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6
Q

What are the articular surfaces covered with?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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7
Q

What are also at the tips of the 4 articulating processes?

A

Facets

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8
Q

What goes through the foremen transversarium?

A

Vertebral artery and veins

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9
Q

What are the two atypical cervical vertebrae?

A

C1 and C2

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10
Q

What is atypical about C1 ?

A
  • doesn’t have an anterior body or spinous process
  • has both anterior arch and posterior arch
  • the articular surfaces are upward for the occipital condyles for the skull
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11
Q

What is a typical about C2?

A

It has the odontoid process (dens)

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12
Q

So since there is a dens which projects superiorly from the superior aspect of the C2 body, what can’t be there?

A

An intervertebral disc between C1 and C2

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13
Q

Saying and nodding your head yes would happen between what part of the vertebrae?

A

Between the occipital condyles of the skull and the superior articular surfaces of C1 and C2

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14
Q

Nodding your head and turning your head no?

A

Between the inferior articulating surfaces of C1 and superior articulating surfaces of C2.

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15
Q

Where does the dens articulate with C1?

A

On the articular facet on the posterior aspect of the anterior arch of C1

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16
Q

What holds the dens in place with the articular surface on the posterior aspect of the anterior arch?

A

Cruciate ligament

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17
Q

What are the three parts of the cruciate ligament?

A

a. Transverse ligament of the atlas, b. Superior longitudinal band, c. Inferior longitudinal band

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18
Q

What is the body of the thoracic vertebrae?

A

small and heart shaped

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19
Q

What is the vertebral foramen like?

A

Small and circular

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20
Q

What do the ribs articulate with on the thoracic vertebrae?

A

With the costal articular surfaces (facets) found on the side of the vertebral body (for the head of the ribs)

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21
Q

What do the tubercle of the ribs articulate with?

A

costal facets on the transverse process

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22
Q

Why don’t T11 and T12 have costal facets on their transverse processes for the tubercle of the ribs?

A

because there are floating ribs

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23
Q

What is the vertebral body of the lumbar vertebrae like?

A

big and kidney shaped

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24
Q

lumbar Vertebral foramen?

A

triangular

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25
Q

What are the lumbar laminae like?

A

thick

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26
Q

Lumbar Pedicles?

A

strong

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27
Q

lumbar Transverse processes?

A

Long and slender and go wide with L3 being the widest

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28
Q

The sacrum is a result of what?

A

5 fused sacral vertebrae

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29
Q

Where is the bodily concavity of the sacrum?

A

anterior concavity

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30
Q

Where is the last intervertebral disc?

A

Between L5 and S1

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31
Q

The sacral promontory is what?

A

raise tip on the anterior portion superiorly

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32
Q

What is the large hole at the top of the sacrum

A

sacral canal

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33
Q

What does the sacrum have on the anterior and posterior sides?

A

sacral foramina for the ventral and dorsal primary rami of the sacral nerves

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34
Q

How do the superior and inferior processes for the cervical vertebrae articulate?

A

The superior processes are UPWARD and BACKWARD

The inferior processes are DOWNWARD and FORWARD

35
Q

How do the superior and inferior processes for the thoracic vertebrae articulate?

A

Superior articulating processes are BACKWARD and LATERALLY

Inferior articulating processes are FORWARD and MEDIALLY

36
Q

How do the superior and inferior processes for the lumbar vertebrae articulate?

A

Superior articulating processes are MEDIAL

Inferior articulating processes are LATERAL

37
Q

Why are the intervertebral joints of cervical vertebrae different from others?

A

because of the uncinate process in the front

38
Q

The superior articular facets and inferior articular facets in cervical vertebrae come together to make what kind of joints?

A

zygapophyseal

39
Q

What is the joint between the occipital condyles of the skull and superior articulate process of C1 called?

A

Atlanto-occipital joint

40
Q

What is the joint between the inferior articulate processes and the superior articulate process of C2 called?

A

Atlanto-axial joint

41
Q

The juxtaposition of the pedicles (above and below) of the lumbar vertabrae make what?

A

Intervertebral foramina

42
Q

What exits these Intervertebral foramina?

A

spinal nerves downward

43
Q

On the lumbar photograph what are the parts of the Scotty dog?

A

a. The nose is the tranverse process, b. The front leg is the inferior articular process, c. the ear is the superior articular process, d. the eye is the pedicle, e. the neck is the pars interarticularis

44
Q

What do clinicians look for in scotty?

A

A break in the pars interarticularis

45
Q

What is A break in the pars interarticularis specific for?

A

Spondylolysis

46
Q

What is spondylolysis?

A

degeneration of the articulating part of the vertebrae, the articular processes

47
Q

What are the 5 important ligaments of the vertebral column?

A

a. anterior longitudinal ligament, b. posterior longitudinal ligament, c. ligamentum flavum, d. supraspinous ligament, e. infraspinous ligament

48
Q

Where does the interpsinous ligament run?

A

between the spinous processes

49
Q

Where does the supraspinous ligament run?

A

Runs between and over the spinous processes in the back. (called ligamentum nuchae in cervical region)

50
Q

How long is the spinal cord?

A

18 to 20 inches in length

51
Q

Where are the enlargements on the spinal cord?

A

cervical and lumbar enlargements

52
Q

Where do C1 through C7 spinal nerves leave the spinal cord?

A

Above their respective vertebrae

53
Q

Below C7 where do they leave?

A

Below their matching vertebrae

54
Q

Where do S1 and S4 spinal nerves leave?

A

In the sacral foramina

55
Q

where do S5 and Coccygeal nerve 1 leave?

A

Sacral hiatus

56
Q

In what direction do the cervical spinal nerves leave?

A

horizontally

57
Q

In what direction do the rest?

A

downward manner

58
Q

Where does the spinal cord stop?

A

stops in between L1 and L2

59
Q

What in the tapered end of the spinal cord called?

A

conus medullaris

60
Q

What happens in a disc protrusion?

A

he nucleus pulposis ruptures out of the annular fibrosis

61
Q

Why is there a difference in disc protusion between L4-L5 and L5-S1?

A

Although there are both vertebral discs here, the lower vertebrae of S1 wouldn’t be compressed because it goes through the sacral foramina

62
Q

What are the separations in the cross section of the spinal cord?

A

Anterior mediam fissure and Posterior median sulcus

63
Q

In the meninges, where does the dura mater stop?

A

Stops at S2

64
Q

What does the dura mater enclose?

A

Encloses the spinal cord and the cauda equina

65
Q

What is found deep to the dura mater?

A

Arachnoid

66
Q

What layer is next after Arachnoid?

A

Pia mater

67
Q

Which layer covers the spinal cord itself?

A

Pia mater

68
Q

Where does the pia mater end?

A

It ends with the spinal cord and filum terminale internum at L1-L2

69
Q

What holds the three meninges together?

A

denticulate ligament

70
Q

Blood supply to the spinal cord is from what?

A

3 main longitudinal arteries

71
Q

What are the 3 longitudinal arteries?

A

a. Anterior spinal artery, b. 2 posterior spinal arteries

72
Q

What anastamoses at 3 longitudinal arteries ?

A

Anterior and Posterior radicular arteries from the segmental spinal artery anastamose with the 3 longitudinal arteries

73
Q

Where else can the blood supply comes from?

A

Indirectly from the aorta

74
Q

What is the venous network for the spinal cord?

A

Internal and External vertebral venous plexus

75
Q

Where is the internal vertebral venous network?

A

Outside the dura mater

76
Q

How can cancer of the prostate be a problem?

A

Because the prostate which is supplied by pelvic veins communicates with the vertebral venous system and CANCER can spread

77
Q

How many groups of true deep back muscles are there?

A

3 groups

78
Q

What are the groups of true deep back muscles ?

A

a. Erector spinae muscles, b. Transversospinalis muscles, c. the deepest group

79
Q

What are the first set of deep back muscles

A

Erector spinae

80
Q

What are the individual muscles that make up these Erector spinae?

A

a. Spinalis (medially), b. longissimus, and c. Iliocostalis (laterally)

81
Q

What are the 2nd deepest?

A

Transversospinalis

82
Q

What are the subgroups for Transversospinalis?

A

Semispinalis, Multifudus and Rotators

83
Q

What is Transversospinalis main function?

A

Postural muscles and to maintain posture during everyday activities

84
Q

What is a lumbar puncture?

A

procedure trying to sample cerebrospinal fluid

85
Q

Where do they usually remove the CSF?

A

between the spinous processes of L4-L5 or L5-S1 because they don’t want to risk damaging the spinal cord which stops at L1-L2

Gross Anatomy (8 decks)

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