FOR FINAL EXAM Flashcards
Most commonly used in
the Philippines and
others countries. Used for extensive and
semi-intensive culture
Fishponds
is being practiced in areas with bodies
of waters, like dams, reservoir, river, lakes etc.
fish cage operation
Practiced in the different bodies of water that are shallow. Part of the natural body of water is enclosed by nets or fence-like wall resting on the bottom
fish pens
are enclosed
channel system with relatively
high rates of flowing water
raceways
is
being practiced and use of
pumps is not economically
recommended
High fish stocking density
Factors to be considered in site selection: WPGWAMAA
water depth protection from the wind good water quality water current availability of quality fingerlings market for cultured fish availability of labor and inputs accessibility & peace and order
are made
of nets, bamboo, wood, plastic
and steel.
They are constructed into
various shapes, such as
rectangular, square and
circular.
FISH CAGES
Type of Nets for Fish Cages: FPABP
fine mesh net pen net\ a-net, b-net b/r nylon polyethylene net
Floats used for Fish Cages: BSP
bamboo poles
styropore blocks
plastic or tin drums
Sinkers used for Fish Cages: cslp
concrete blocks
stones/boulders
lead sinkers
pipes
Fish Cage Designs: ffcrfb
floating single cage fish cage: one module per farmer circular fish cage rectangular fish cage fish cage w/ floating shed bangus fish cage w/ PVC framework
are constructed in bodies
of water with 3m water level
or lower.
fish pens
Major Components of Fish pens in lake: NMB
nursery
main enclosure
barrier
Constructed inside the
main enclosure
nursery
Fingerlings were nursed \_\_\_\_ days at the nursery and then release to the grow-out area for the rest of the culture period
30-60 days
Vertical poles for nursery are driven in the
lake bottom down to a depth of
about ___
2.5 m- 3.0 m
Lower horizontal brace of nursery is
connected to every vertical pole
at elevation ___ above mean
water level
1.0 m
Upper horizontal brace is installed
at elevation __ above mean
water level
2.5 m
is the area
where fish are cultured to
marketable size
main enclosure
is made up of
several layers of net depending on
the water depth
main enclosure
are set to protect the nursery and grow-out enclosure from floating debris and forces of nature
barriers
It is usually set up _____ around the main
enclosure framework
of the grow-out fence
10-15 m
General Considerations (fish tanks)
- Practiced in areas where cost of electrical energy is cheap - Limited area or cost of land is expensive - Must have sufficient supply of water - High stocking density - Provision of aeration - Skilled technician for water quality monitoring
Uses of Fish Tanks (BNCHG)
- Breeding
- Nursing of fry and fingerlings
- Conditioning of fry/fingerlings/broodstock
- Holding fish
- Growing of fish to marketable size
Materials used for fish tanks (CFMFC)
Concrete Fiber glass Marine plywood Ferrous cement Canvas with wooden or steel frame
Shapes of
fish tanks
Circular tanks
Rectangular tanks
Square tanks
Sizes of fish Tanks
Dependent on following factors (cawdp)
Capital investment Available area Water supply Degree of intensification Production target
The facility is use to hatch the eggs and
rear the fry up to D21.
The water depth (1.0M) simulate the
physical condition of the shoreline.
Stocking density of eggs ranges from 20 –
30 eggs/L.
Square or rectangular shape of tanks is
prepared for ease of management.
Roofed with plastic or galvanized iron.
Lightly painted preferably yellow for easy
visual monitoring of the larvae.
Larval rearing tanks
The tanks used to mass produce natural
food which is the zooplankton to be fed to
the larvae.
To provide the needed nutritional
requirements of the larvae, a ratio of 1:1
(larval:rotifer) by volume is practical and
1:2 (larval:rotifer) isideal.
The tank should be 1 M or deeper in depth.
Adequate provision for drainage to
facilitate harvest of the organism.
Roofed with plastic or galvanized iron.
rotifer tanks
Raceways are unique compared to other aquaculture production systems Employs high stocking density The quantity of water flowing through the system limits fish yield Stocks are feed dependent
RACEWAYS AND FLOW-THROUGH SYSTEM
A Fish tank is said to be in flow- through state if water is made to enter and leave the tank simultaneously at equal flow rates. Important hydraulic characteristics considered in flow- through system are mean residence time, the dead volume and the variance
Flow-through system
utilize technical engineering knowledge and principles in
aquaculture and biological production systems.
aquaculture engineering
classification of aquaculture
Extensive
Semi-intensive
Intensive
production per unit volume is much higher
more technology and artificial inputs must
be used
-investment costs per unit volume farmed is
much higher
-maintenance of optimal growth conditions is
necessary to achieve the growth potential
of the species being farmed
-Additional feeding, disease control methods
and effective breeding systems also
characterize this type of farming.
-risk of disease outbreaks is higher than in
extensive farming because the organism is
continuously stressed for maximal
performance
intensive
Classification of aquaculture according to the life
stage of the species produced on the farm
Eggs
Fry
Juvenile or ongrowing
Full production
the fish are kept in a enclosed production unit
separated from the outside environment
Closed production units
the unit has permeable walls, such as nets and
so the fish are partly affected by the
surrounding environment
open production units
Classification of aquaculture based on the location of
the farm
Sea
Land
Tidal zone
Land-based farms may be classified by the type
of water supply for the farm (gpt)
gravity-fed
pumped
tidal through-flow farms
the water source is at a higher altitude than the farm and the water can flow by gravity from the source to the farm
gravity-fed
the source can be at an
equal or lower altitude
compared to the farm
pumped
water supply and exchange
is achieved using the tide
Tidal through-flow farms
Farms can also be classified by how the water
supplied to a farm is used
Flow-through farm
Water re-use or recirculating system
technical components in a system (PWA)
Production units
Water transfer and treatment
Additional
equipment
(feeding, handling
and monitoring
equipment)
The ___ necessary and their size and
design will depend on the species being grown. In
the hatchery there will either be tanks with
upwelling water (fluidized eggs) or units where
the eggs lie on the bottom or on a substrate.
After hatching the fish are moved to some type of
production tank. Usually there are smaller tanks
for weaning and larger tanks for further on-
growing until sale. Weaning start feeding tanks
are normally under a roof, while on-growing tanks
can also be outside.
production units
Some type of feeding equipment is commonly
used, especially for dry feed. Use of
______ will reduce the manual work
on the farm. Feeding at intervals throughout
the day and night may also be possible; the
fish will then always have access to food,
which is important at the fry and juvenile
stages.
automatic feeders
Because of fish growth it is necessary to divide
the group to avoid fish densities becoming too
high. It is also common to size grade to avoid
large size variations in one production unit; for
some species this will also reduce the
possibilities for______.
cannibalism
In land-based fish farms, especially those
dependent upon pumps, a __________ is
essential because of the economic consequences
if pumping stops and the water supply to the
farm is interrupted.
monitoring system
Sea cages vary greatly in construction and size;
the major difference is ___________, and special cages for offshore farming
have been developed.
the ability to withstand
waves
can include storage rooms,
mess rooms, changing rooms and toilet, and
equipment for treatment of dead fish.
base station
includes rooms and/or space for storage of
feed; it may also include rooms for storage of
nets and possibly storage of equipment for
washing, maintaining and impregnating them.
storage room
All aquaculture facilities require a supply of water. It is important to have a reliable, good-
quality water source and equipment to transfer water to and within the facility. The volume of
water needed depends on the facility size, the species and the production system.
water transport
PP
Polypropylene Pipe
ABS
acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene
PVDF
polyvinyl difluoride
Pipes may carry large amounts of water at high velocities. This generates large forces that may
cause movements of the pipe. In the worst case this can damage the pipeline. For this reason a
correct mooring system for the pipeline is of great importance.
mooring of pipes
is determined by
experiment, some actual values being about 0.015
for concrete-lined channels and 0.013 for
plastic, while unlined channels made of straight
and uniform earth have a value of 0.023 and those
made of rock 0.025.
manning coefficient
All transport of water through a pipe or a channel between
two points results in an energy loss. This is
caused by friction between the water molecules and the
surroundings.
head loss
is the absolute viscosity divided by
the density of the liquid;
kinematic viscosity
are mechanical devices that add energy to fluids by transforming mechanical energy (normally
from electric motors) to potential and/or kinetic energy of the fluid. Increase in potential
energy is illustrated by the lifting of water to an elevated tank, while the increase in velocity
and hence the flow rate through a pipeline by pumping increases the kinetic energy of the water.
pumps
A major pump type is the ________ in which liquid is
displaced from one area to another.
displacement pump
is based on another principle. Here a part flow
under high pressure is used to draw a main stream with much higher
water flow but lower pressure.
ejector pump
air is supplied inside an open pipe standing
partly below the surface and partly filled with water.
air-;ift pumps
is based on another principle; among other
uses, such pumps are employed for sludge.
screw pump
For aquaculture facilities there is a need to pump a large amount
of water with a relatively small lifting height. ______________ are the most suitable and most commonly used.
Centrifugal pumps
or propeller pumps
consists of a pump chamber with an
impeller, a transfer shaft and an electric motor.
dry-placed pump
the motor and the pump chamber are
usually built together and encapsulated in one unit
which is lowered into the water.
submerged pump
Removal of particles from a water flow
water treatment or water purification.
also called
straining or micro screens;
mechanical filtration
also called sand filtration
or just filtration;
depth filtration
are utilized to separate the particles and collect them at one point in the tank where a
particle outlet is placed and a small amount of water can be withdrawn to flush the particles out,
while the main water flow can be withdrawn elsewhere, normally higher up in the water mass.
dual drain system gravitational forces
is
used as the first step to remove the larger
particles.
microscreen
chemical agents
(chlorine and its compounds, bromine,
iodine, ozone, phenol and phenolic compounds,
alcohols, heavy metals and related compounds, soaps
and synthetic detergents, quaternary ammonium
compounds, hydrogen peroxide and various alkalis and
acids)
physical agents
(heating and the use of sunlight,
especially the ultraviolet (UV) end of the spectrum)
mechanical agents
(particle separation which will
also reduced the number of micro-organisms because
many are attached to particles)
radiation
(electromagnetic, acoustic and particle)
is normally used to heat water for use in fish farming. The system
comprises several components that all have some heating effect on the inlet water.
composite heating system
commonly used as subsurface aerators.
diffusers
are commonly use in ponds, but may
also be used in large tanks, in distribution basins
and in sea cages under special conditions.
surface aerators
oxygen gas comes from the
source and is injected or
mixed into the water.
injection system
In a specially designed adsorption unit it is possible to remove the nitrogen and some of the other gases from the air, leaving mainly oxygen.
pressure swing
adsorption (PSA).
is a type of granular filter, which is
commonly filled with spherical plastic pellets
(polyethylene (PE)/or polypropylene (PP)) with slightly
positive buoyancy.
bead filter
utilize the fact that different ions
have different electrical charges.
ion exchangers
