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Psychology > For. 4 After a guilty verdict > Flashcards

For. 4 After a guilty verdict Flashcards

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1
Q

After guilty verdict?

A 
Custodial:
-prison
-special hospital
Non-custodial:
-fine
-community service
-probation
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2
Q

Imprisonment - FUNCTIONS?

A
  • punishment
  • rehabilitation
  • deterrence
  • incapacitation
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3
Q

Imprisonment - ISSUES?

A

Prison population - 85,000 (capacity 78,000)
Costs - £25,000 per year (community service £2,500)
63% re-convicted within 5 years (Oldfield)
(Re-conviction not reoffending)
“Colleges of crime” - meet new associates and learn skills
Crime = short term benefits (wealth and respect) - outweigh long term
Difficult to gain employment (leads them to commit crime)

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4
Q

Azjen’s theory of planned behaviours?

A

Successful integration into society needs motivation and intention to stay out prison
Influenced by their belief of their life’s value outside and confidence in their control

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5
Q

Risk factors for returning to prison?

A

Low employment prospects and lack of ambition
50% below reading level of 11 year old (66% in numeracy)
Over 50% no qualifications
50% don’t have the skills required by 96% of jobs

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6
Q

Gillis and Nafekh - AIM?

After jail

A

Investigate effect on recon victim rates of ex-prisoners involved in pre-release community based employment scheme

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7
Q

Gillis and Nafekh - METHOD?

After jail

A

Content analysis

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8
Q

Gillis and Nafekh - SAMPLE?

After jail

A

Offenders in Canada (23,525)
Released between 1998-2005
95% male

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9
Q

Gillis and Nafekh - PROCEDURE?

After jail

A

2 groups (quasi) - community based employment programme or not
Matched on gender, sentence length and attitudes
Content analysis of the data on each offender

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10
Q

Gillis and Nafekh - RESULTS?

After jail

A

More likely to stay on custodial release and less likely to return to custody (if in employment programme)
Average time to return to prison longer for employment group (3 vs 1 year)

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11
Q

Gillis and Nafekh - CONCLUSIONS?

After jail

A

Employment based programmes - important role for last few months of offender’s sentence (skills to integrate into community)
Helping prisoners plan their return addresses points from Azjen’s theory of planned behaviours model - increases likelihood of success

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12
Q

Depression risk - BACKGROUND?

A

1500 prisoners on suited risk
High levels of anxiety and depression early in sentence (declines over time)
10% suicides occur in first day of imprisonment
40% within first month
80% within first year

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13
Q

Depression - risk factors?

A 
Situational:
-loss of social contact
-victimisation by inmates
-overcrowding
Individual:
-mental health issues
-substance abuse
-self harm
-poor copers
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14
Q

Sattar - AIM?

Depression risk

A

Comparing offenders in community (experience of prison) with prison population and general population

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15
Q

Sattar - SAMPLE?

Depression risk

A

Data of community offender deaths - between 1996-1997

Compared with deaths in prisons and general population

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16
Q

Sattar - RESULTS?

Depression risk

A

Deaths over 2 years:
-1,267 community offenders
-236 prisoners
Half prison deaths - suicide
Natural deaths more common in older offenders
Violent deaths more common in younger
Deaths among ex-prisoners - tended occur soon after being released
Community offenders mortality rate double prisoners’ rate and 4x general population
Offenders more vulnerable to death than general population

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17
Q

Sattar - CONCLUSIONS?

Depression risk

A

Prisoners vulnerable to suicide with death rate 7-8x higher than general population
Community offenders more vulnerable to violent deaths, suicide and homicide
Drugs and alcohol played bigger part in deaths of community offenders

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17
Q

Zimbardo - AIM?

Prison situation

A

Investigate the effect of prison situation and being assigned to the role of guard or prisoner

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18
Q

Zimbardo - SAMPLE?

Prison situation

A

Responded to newspaper advert
24 men selected from tests
$15 paid per day
Most physically and mentally fit, mature and least antisocial

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19
Q

Zimbardo - PROCEDURE?

Prison situation

A

Randomly assigned to prisoner or guard

Simulated prison built in Stanford University

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20
Q

Zimbardo - GUARDS?

Prison situation

A

Orientation meeting before - not told how to behave (but not allowed to use physical punishment or aggression)
Uniforms increase group identity and reduce individuality

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21
Q

Zimbardo - PRISONERS?

Prison situation

A

Arrested at their home - blindfolded and driven to mock prison
Stripped, sprayed and deloused - stood naked in yard
Given uniform (de-individuate) and mug shot taken - put in cell
Referee to by number (on uniform) - depersonalise
Warden read them rules

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22
Q

Zimbardo - RESULTS?

Prison situation

A

Guards increased verbal and physical aggression - pathology of power
Prisoners more depersonalised (extreme depression, crying and rage)
Stopped after 6 days (pathological reactions) - 5 released even earlier
Behaviour of normal students (randomly allocated) affected by the role assigned

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23
Q

Zimbardo - CONCLUSIONS?

Prison situation

A

Shows powerful effect of prison situation and effect roles can have
Antisocial reactions observed weren’t the result of deviant personalities but of pathological situation - distort behaviour
Reviewed prisons in article 25 years on

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24
Q

Zimbardo and Haney - CHANGES?

Prison situation

A

Political pressure to put more in prison (1980s) - rehabilitation discredited (more sent to prison)
Racial bias - 48% black (only 6% general population)
Drug offenders over represented (War on drugs policy)

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25
Q

Zimbardo and Haney - IMPROVEMENTS?

Prison situation

A

Prisons should be used sparingly - psychologically damaging (more resources for alternatives)
Take account of individual differences in how offender adapts to prison
More situationally specific assessments
Psychological knowledge should be used to improve imprisonment

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26
Q

Probation?

A

Alternative to custodial sentence
Keep offender under surveillance
Provide support
Released into the community - submit to probation officer
Given suspended prison sentence - return to prison if they don’t comply
200,000 offenders on community sentence (probation)

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27
Q

Probation - CONDITIONS?

A

Stay out of trouble
On time for appointments
Take part in all court requirements
Must not threaten people or make offensive remarks

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28
Q

Mair & May - AIM?

Probation

A

Investigate experiences of offenders on probation

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29
Q

Mair & May - METHOD?

Probation

A

Pilot study (questionnaire)
7 probation offices
24 offenders

30
Q

Mair & May - SAMPLE?

Probation

A

3299 offenders (all crimes/ages)
22 probation offices
40% failed to take part

31
Q

Mair & May - PROCEDURE?

Probation

A

Structured interviews - independently employed researchers

Multiple choice or likert scales - quantitative

32
Q

Mair & May - RESULTS?

Probation

A 
88% probation extremely useful
60% probation officer would help sort out problems - there to talk to
37% would stop them reoffending
Someone to talk to most useful function:
-accommodation
-money
-employment
-family
33
Q

Mair & May - CONCLUSIONS?

Probation

A

Probation seen in positive light by offenders
Those who didn’t turn up (40%) may disagree
Those on probation:
-unemployed
-on benefits
-poorly qualified
-poor health
Not 1 offender thought probation was intended to stop them reoffending
⅓ commit another crime

34
Q

Restorative justice?

A

Moves away from punishing offender independent of victim - all people affected discuss the effects
Punishment sometimes agreed by police, offender and victim
Resolves conflict and repairs harm = prevents it happening again
Crime against the victim (vs state), victims and offenders brought together (vs kept apart), offender encouraged to accept responsibility (vs not)
Victim/offender satisfaction 73-90%

35
Q

Sherman & Strang - AIM?

Restorative justice

A

Look at good practice in restorative justice

How effective at reducing reoffending

36
Q

Sherman & Strang - METHOD?

Restorative justice

A

Review article

37
Q

Sherman & Strang - SAMPLE?

Restorative justice

A

Internet search restorative justice
424 ‘hits’ - likely pieces of research
2 researchers analysed the content for samples where offenders on RJ programme compared with similar sample (no RJ) - minimum standard by Home Office (“reasonably unbiased” results)
36 studies

38
Q

Sherman & Strang - RESULTS?

Restorative justice

A

Reduction in reoffending - violence and property crime
Does not work it all cases
Most effective - personal victim (not company) and violence crime
Improve mental state of victim (reduces post traumatic shock symptoms - come to terms with what happened)

39
Q

Sherman & Strang - CONCLUSIONS?

Restorative justice

A

Strong evidence restorative justice effective (reducing reoffending) in some cases
Support for increased use for young offenders

40
Q

Death penalty?

A

Alternative to imprisonment

Abolished by majority of industrialised nations (except USA)

41
Q

Death penalty - PROBLEMS?

A

Innocent people placed on death row (wrongly executed)
Expensive (paid by taxpayer) - $620,000 (8x murder case)
Less pent on lawyer, more likely to receive death sentence
Racial discrimination - murders of white victims more likely to get death sentence
More stereotypically black features - death sentence more likely

42
Q

Eberhardt - AIM?

Looking deathworthhy

A

Investigate if black offenders (more stereotypically black features) more likely to get death sentence (than white offenders)

43
Q

Eberhardt - METHOD?

Looking deathworthhy

A

Lab

44
Q

Eberhardt - PROCEDURE?

Looking deathworthhy

A 
Death penalty cases (Philadelphia, USA) - 1979-1999
44 cases - black murdered white victim
Investigated:
-factors influencing crime
-murder severity
-attractiveness
-socioeconomic status
-stereotypically black features
Rated on scale (1-11) how black (51 raters - Stanford University) - 4secs each
45
Q

Eberhardt - RESULTS?

Looking deathworthhy

A

Most significant variable - stereotypically black features

57.5 more likely to receive death sentence

46
Q

Eberhardt - CONCLUSIONS?

Looking deathworthhy

A

Support for stereotypically black offenders more likely to receive death sentence
Black physical traits associated with criminality - influence sentencing decisions (only when victim white)

47
Q

Eberhardt - FOLLOW UP?

Looking deathworthhy

A

When black offender and black victim - no significant effect
Black victim seen as less important
Jurors see race of offender as blameworthy factor

48
Q

Cognitive skills programmes?

A

Assume:
-criminal act preceded by criminal thoughts
-fixing faulty criminal thinking patterns stops crime
Change offenders’ thinking to give better:
-control over impulsiveness
-problem solving skills
-moral reasoning
Part of cognitive behavioural therapy techniques

49
Q

Reasoning and rehabilitation?

A

Assumes:
-offenders have cognitive skills deficits (prevent successful integration into society)
-socialisation and cognitive skills can be taught
Learn new behavioural and cognitive skills
Teach life skills - without criminal activity
35 sessions (90-120mins each) - 6-8 offenders
Emphasises group discussion, role playing and games - work on assignments between sessions
Available in 23 prisons (to high enough IQ and basic literacy skills)

50
Q

Friendship - AIM?

Cognitive skills programmes

A

Evaluate success of cognitive skills programmes for prisoners

51
Q

Friendship - METHOD?

Cognitive skills programmes

A

Quasi
Experimental group: cognitive skills programme
Control group: didn’t
Reconviction rates compared

52
Q

Friendship - SAMPLE?

Cognitive skills programmes

A

670 male offenders (serving 2+ years)

Voluntarily participated in cognitive skills programme (1992-96)

53
Q

Friendship - PROCEDURE?

Cognitive skills programmes

A 
Programme focused on correcting faulty thinking patterns
40 or 72hours of programme
Taught:
-self control
-social perspective 
-behaviour rules
54
Q

Friendship - RESULTS?

Cognitive skills programmes

A

Significant drop in reconviction rates (14% lower after 2 years than control)

55
Q

Friendship - CONCLUSIONS?

Cognitive skills programmes

A

Cognitive skills programmes successful in reducing reconviction rates
Programme rolled out across prison service (after study) - cost effective (reduces prison population)
Later research - CSP not as effective

56
Q

Cann (Friendship) - FOLLOW-UP?

Cognitive skills programmes

A

CSP gender biased
180 female offenders
No significant difference in reconviction rates
Not as effective for females (women offend for different reasons, didn’t meet their needs)

57
Q

Anger management?

A

Therapeutic treatment programme - assumes violence caused by anger (controlling anger = decrease violence)
Based on cognitive behavioural therapy techniques (CBT) - combines reinforcement with positive cognitive processes
Correct faulty thinking
-increase understanding of why/how they become angry
-develop strategies for controlling their anger
-consider how lives will improve if they control their anger

58
Q

CALM?

A

Controlling Anger and Learning to Manage it
For prisoners with problems managing their emotions
Excluded: psychotic illness, no literacy skills and use instrumental aggression (for a purpose)

59
Q

Ireland - AIM?

Anger management programmes

A

Assess effectiveness of group based anger management programme

60
Q

Ireland - METHOD?

Anger management programmes

A

Quasi

2 naturally occurring groups (anger management vs none)

61
Q

Ireland - SAMPLE?

Anger management programmes

A

Experimental: 50 young male prisoners - completed anger management programme
Control: 37 young male prisoners - no course (but suitable)
Matched on age, offence and level of angry behaviours before course

62
Q

Ireland - PROCEDURE?

Anger management programmes

A

Assessed 2 weeks before course and 8 weeks later on:
-prison officers’ behavioural checklist - 29 angry behaviours (score 0,1,2) previous week
-anger management questionnaire - self report (53 items)
12x 1hour sessions:
-became aware of processes leading to anger
-told of benefits of controlling anger
-improved techniques of anger management
-practice (through role play)

63
Q

Ireland - RESULTS?

Anger management programmes

A

Checklist: significant reduction in angry behaviours (experimental group) - none in control
Questionnaire: significantly lower on reported angry behaviours - no different in control
92% showed improvement on 1+ measure (42% on 2 measures)
8% deterioration on both measures

64
Q

Ireland - CONCLUSIONS?

Anger management programmes

A

Significantly reduced disruptive/angry behaviours in prisoners
No later reconviction data (can’t know if effects sustained)

65
Q

Acupuncture?

A

130,000 offenders into prison per year (70,000 substance abuse problem)
Acupuncture dates back to 2nd century b.c. in China
Belief that energy (chi) flows through body - acupuncture points on paths (where chi flows)
Disease caused by imbalance of yin and yang (blockage of chi)
Relieves pain, treats infertility and treats and prevents disease

66
Q

Ear acupuncture?

A

Stimulating key points in ear - reduce drug cravings (in brain)
Alternative treatment since 2002
Cheap and doesn’t require prisoner motivation to work

67
Q

Wheatley - AIM?

Ear acupuncture

A

Assess effectiveness of ear acupuncture in treating substance abuse (of prisoners)

68
Q

Wheatley - SAMPLE?

Ear acupuncture

A 
350 prisoners (high security prisons)
Received acupuncture with standard care (FOCUS) or control - no acupuncture but with standard care
69
Q

Wheatley - PROCEDURE?

Ear acupuncture

A

2 trained practitioners - worked with groups of 10-15 prisoners (relaxed setting)
Fine needles inserted into 5 acupuncture points (paths) in ear
Relaxed for 40mins
Returned to normal duties

70
Q

Wheatley - RESULTS?

Ear acupuncture

A 
Qualitative:
-better sleep
-improved relaxation
-better coping skills
-reduced cravings for drugs
-more effort to communicate with families
-staff could tell if they had been to acupuncture
Quantitative:
70% reduction drug related incidents
42% reduction positive drug results
41% reduction serious incidents
71
Q

Wheatley - CONCLUSIONS?

Ear acupuncture

A

Enough evidence for effectiveness of ear acupuncture - expand delivery of programme to all prisons
Complements therapy with other programmes

72
Q

Gates (Wheatley) - FOLLOW UP?

Ear acupuncture

A

1433 cocaine addicts
Compared genuine acupuncture with fake acupuncture (needles placed randomly)
No significant difference

Psychology (6 decks)

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