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Psychology > Cli. 1 Healthy Living > Flashcards

Cli. 1 Healthy Living Flashcards

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0
Q

Becker - AIM?

Health belief model

A

Use the health belief model to test mothers’ compliance to a drug regime for their child with asthma

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1
Q

Becker - BACKGROUND?

Health belief model

A

Rosenstock (1966)
To explain why people failed to participate in preventative campaigns for Tuberculosis (using cognitive explanations)
Individual and situational factors = less reductionist
6 elements:
-perceived threat / seriousness / susceptibility
-cost-benefit analysis
-internal/external cues
-demographic variables

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2
Q

Becker - SAMPLE?

Health belief model

A 
111 mothers (17-54 years)
Children aged 9 months to 17 years
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3
Q

Becker - METHOD?

Health belief model

A

Self report
Correlation between beliefs and compliance with asthma medication
Covert blood test (70%) - confirm validity

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4
Q

Becker - PROCEDURE?

Health belief model

A

Each mother interviewed about their perception of:
-susceptibility (of child to illness)
-seriousness (of asthma)
-inconvenience (how much asthma interfered with life)
-effectiveness of doctors and medicine
Child given covert blood test (70%)

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5
Q

Becker - RESULTS?

Health belief model

A

Blood tests showed 66% compliance

Supports the health belief model - mothers who feared their child was vulnerable = more likely to comply

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6
Q

Becker - CONCLUSIONS?

Health belief model

A

The Health Belief Model is useful at predicting and explaining levels of compliance of a medical regime

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7
Q

Becker - EVALUATION?

Health belief model

A

Individual differences - socio-demographic variables
Holistic - cognitive and social factors
Ignores irrational factors - people aren’t always logical
Not all health behaviours are a rational decision (brushing teeth is a habit)
Low validity - interviews (social bias)
Ethics - covert blood sample of children BUT improves concurrent validity
Reductionist - ignores how adherence will change with age
Correlation - no cause and effect (psychology science) BUT collected quantitative and qualitative data
Useful - can target specific groups for closer monitoring

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8
Q

Rotter - BACKGROUND?

Locus of control

A

The location an individual places their control over events - internal (they control) or external (outside their control)
Determines whether an individual will seek out healthy lifestyles
3 dimensions:
-internality: extent of internal/external perceived control
-chance: belief that external factors (eg chance) influences health
-powerful others: belief in the control of health professionals

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9
Q

Rotter - AIM?

Locus of control

A

To test if a reward is more effective if a person believes it was the result of themselves (internal) or other factors (external)

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10
Q

Rotter - SAMPLE?

Locus of control

A

6 pieces of research about an individual’s perception of how they can control an outcome

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11
Q

Rotter - RESULTS?

Locus of control

A

Participants who felt they had control - more likely to cope with potential threats
Smokers who gave up smoking (and didn’t relapse) had a higher level of internal locus of control

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12
Q

Rotter - CONCLUSIONS?

Locus of control

A

Locus of Control affects many of our behaviours

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13
Q

Rotter - EVALUATION?

Locus of control

A

Deterministic - human behaviour influenced by reinforcement
Ecological validity low - artificial task
Doesn’t have any health related tasks/ill patients so results can’t be generalised to health behaviour

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14
Q

Bandura - BACKGROUND?

Self Efficacy

A

Developed (by Bandura) from internal locus of control
If we think we can succeed (cope with a threat) we work harder = more likely to succeed
Belief (affects perception and motivation) you can perform well in a situation
More confident = more likely to succeed
4 influences:
-Persuasory: positive feedback
-Enactive: past experiences (eg GCSEs)
-Emotive: mental state (eg anxiety)
-Vicarious: comparing ourselves to others (eg friend)

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15
Q

Bandura - AIM?

Self Efficacy

A

Assess the self efficacy of patients engaging in systematic desensitisation for snake phobias

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16
Q

Bandura - SAMPLE?

Self Efficacy

A

10 snake phobic patients (9 female, 1 male)

Mean age: 31

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17
Q

Bandura - METHOD?

Self Efficacy

A

Quasi (level of fear)

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18
Q

Bandura - PROCEDURE?

Self Efficacy

A

Level of fear and perception of how well they’d do was measured
Relaxation exercises
Systematic desensitisation:
-shown photos of snakes
-once arousal levels fall, put in same room as snake
-eventually able to handle them
Fear and perception of how well they’d do measured again

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19
Q

Bandura - RESULTS?

Self Efficacy

A

Second fear score (after systematic desensitisation) were lower.
Coping perception higher

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20
Q

Bandura - CONCLUSIONS?

Self Efficacy

A

Systematic desensitisation works.
Supports self efficacy
Self efficacy is cognitive (perception affects behaviour) and behavioural (perception is learned from past experiences - nothing happening with snake)

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21
Q

Bandura - EVALUATION?

Self Efficacy

A

Lab experiment - high control and can test cause and effect
Nature/nurture - self efficacy influenced by personality and environment
Useful - can be applied to disorders
Low ecological validity

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22
Q

Keating - BACKGROUND?

Media campaigns

A

Get health messages across (TV adverts, posters)
Allow people the choice to choose healthy behaviours
Legislation more authoritarian - prevents people acting unhealthy

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23
Q

Keating - AIM?

Media campaigns

A

Assess how effective the VISION mass media campaign was at increasing awareness and preventing HIV/AIDS

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24
Q

Keating - SAMPLE?

Media campaigns

A

3278 (15-49yrs)
3 Nigerian States
60% married

25
Q

Keating - METHOD?

Media campaigns

A

Self report

26
Q

Keating - PROCEDURE?

Media campaigns

A

Interviewed by questionnaire
Asked about family planning, sexual activity and exposure to media campaign
Asked 3 closed questions:
-have you talked to a partner about ways of preventing AIDS?
-does condom usage reduce chances of getting AIDS?
-did you use a condom last time?

27
Q

Keating - RESULTS?

Media campaigns

A

Exposure to media campaign was high
Women most exposed to adverts in clinic
Men to radio adverts
-1.5x more likely to have discussed HIV/AIDS
-2x more likely to know that condoms reduce risk of HIV/AIDS
-No affect on condom usage

28
Q

Keating - CONCLUSIONS?

Media campaigns

A

VISION increased awareness/understanding of HIV/AIDS
Different media reaches different people
No affect on condom usage - didn’t know where to get them (include in future campaigns)

30
Q

Wakefield - BACKGROUND?

Legislation

A

Authorities create enforceable rules that inhibit or promote health behaviours
Requires effective enforcement
More authoritarian than media campaigns

31
Q

Wakefield - AIM?

Legislation

A

Compare effectiveness of smoking restrictions - home bans, school bans and legal bans

32
Q

Wakefield - SAMPLE?

Legislation

A

17287 high school students
202 schools in USA
80% of selected students completed the questionnaire

32
Q

Wakefield - METHOD?

Legislation

A

Self report

33
Q

Wakefield - PROCEDURE?

Legislation

A 
Asked if adults at home smoke
If smoking banned at home, school (how well enforced) and in public places
Sorted into 6 categories:
-non susceptible non smokers
-susceptible non smokers
-early experimenters
-advanced experimenters
-established smokers
-current smokers
34
Q

Wakefield - RESULTS?

Legislation

A

Not developing a smoking habit was linked to home bans (parent restrictions), school bans and public bans
Home bans more effective than legal or school bans
11% reduction in smoking uptake due to school bans (still effective)

35
Q

Wakefield - CONCLUSIONS?

Legislation

A

Consistent with other research
Parental opposition reduced uptake of teen smoking
Legal restrictions and school bans less effective

36
Q

Ruiter - BACKGROUND?

Fear arousal

A

Fear arousal used in many health promotion campaigns

Increase emotional tension so that individual must change their behaviour to reduce the tension

37
Q

Ruiter - AIM?

Fear arousal

A

Examine effect of fear arousal on attitudes towards taking part in early detection for breast cancer

38
Q

Ruiter - SAMPLE?

Fear arousal

A

88 female undergraduates (1st year)
University in the Netherlands
Mean age: 20
Volunteer sample

39
Q

Ruiter - METHOD?

Fear arousal

A

Lab
Independent measures:
-low/mild fear
-strong/weak argument

40
Q

Ruiter - PROCEDURE?

Fear arousal

A

Questionnaire - asses pre-experimental attitude to breast self-examination
Effectiveness of several educational messages about breast cancer (low or mild fear) evaluated
Read a persuasive message about performing monthly breast exam checks (weak or strong argument)
Questionnaire to assess post-experimental attitude
Fear - level of implied severity
Random allocation to 2x2 condition

41
Q

Ruiter - RESULTS?

Fear arousal

A

Low effectiveness of manipulated fear
Argument strength was more effective
Argument based messages more effective than fear

42
Q

Ruiter - CONCLUSIONS?

Fear arousal

A

Evoked fear causes people to have more argument based processing
Only applicable to breast self examination - not all health detection

43
Q

Bulpitt - BACKGROUND?

Reasons for non-adherence

A

Valid reasons not to adhere:

  • don’t believe treatment is working
  • unpleasant side effects
  • confused about how much to take
  • too expensive
  • withdraw to ‘see if the illness is still there’
44
Q

Bulpitt - AIM?

Reasons for non-adherence

A

Review research on adherence to hypertensive (high blood pressure) medication

45
Q

Bulpitt - METHOD?

Reasons for non-adherence

A

Review article of research identifying problems with taking medication

45
Q

Bulpitt - PROCEDURE?

Reasons for non-adherence

A

Statistical analysis of physical and psychological effects of adherence

46
Q

Bulpitt - RESULTS?

Reasons for non-adherence

A 
15% dropped out due to side effects:
-sleepiness
-dizziness
-lack of sexual functioning
-lower cognitive functioning
8% dropped out due to sexual problems
47
Q

Bulpitt - CONCLUSIONS?

Reasons for non-adherence

A

When the cost of taking the medication outweigh the perceived benefits there is less likelihood of the patient adhering

48
Q

Lustman - BACKGROUND?

Measures of adherence

A

Ways to measure adherence:

  • self report - asking patient about how compliant they have been
  • health worker estimates - asking a doctor to ‘guesstimate’ how complient the patient is
  • biochemical tests - blood and urine tests
  • pill and bottle counts - number of pills left compared to how many here should be
49
Q

Lustman - AIM?

Measures of adherence

A

See if there’s a link between depression and non-adherence to diabetic medication

50
Q

Lustman - SAMPLE?

Measures of adherence

A

60 diabetic patients with depression

Volunteer sample

51
Q

Lustman - METHOD?

Measures of adherence

A

Randomised double blind study

52
Q

Lustman - PROCEDURE?

Measures of adherence

A

Patients randomly assigned to fluoxetine (depression treatment) or placebo (double blind)
Depression assessed using psychometric tests
Adherence assessed through blood sugar levels

53
Q

Lustman - RESULTS?

Measures of adherence

A

After 8 weeks:
-Fluoxetine group had healthier blood glucose levels (adherence) and
lower levels of depression
-Less depression (fluoxetine) = more regularly monitored blood glucose levels

54
Q

Lustman - CONCLUSIONS?

Measures of adherence

A

Measuring blood sugar levels in patients with diabetes indicates adherence
Less depression = greater adherence
Not being anxious or depressed improves compliance

55
Q

Watt - BACKGROUND?

Improving adherence

A

Non adherence:

  • can be fatal
  • expensive
  • wasted medication
  • require follow up measures
56
Q

Watt - AIM?

Improving adherence

A

To see if funhaler improves children’s adherence to asthma medication

57
Q

Watt - SAMPLE?

Improving adherence

A

32 Australian children (10m and 22f)

Asthmatic

58
Q

Watt - PROCEDURE?

Improving adherence

A

Repeated measures:
-normal ‘breath-a-tech’
-funhaler
Each used for 1 week and parent answers questionnaire

59
Q

Watt - RESULTS?

Improving adherence

A

Adherence to asthma medication increases by 38% using the funhaler than the breath-a-tech’

60
Q

Watt - CONCLUSIONS?

Improving adherence

A

Previous research suggests forgetfulness and boredom influenced non-adherence
Funhaler solves this and encourages correct usage of the inhaler with a spinner and whistle
Making the medical regime fun can improve adherence in children

Psychology (6 decks)

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