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Psychology > Cli. 4 Disorders > Flashcards

Cli. 4 Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Anxiety disorders?

A

Feeling of fear and anxiety - impose on daily functioning
Triggered by non-existent threats
Anxiety disorders - panic disorders, OCD, phobias

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2
Q

Phobias?

Anxiety

A

Persistent fear of object / situation

Immediate response

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3
Q

Phobia - SYMPTOMS?

Anxiety

A 
(Knows fear is irrational)
Shortness of breath
Intense terror
Lose control
Disrupts daily life
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4
Q

Phobia - DSM?

Anxiety

A 
Persistent fear
Immediate response from stimulus
Recognises fear is excessive
Phobic situation is avoided
Disrupts daily life
Lasted more than 6 months
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5
Q

Phobia - ICD?

Anxiety

A

Primary manifestation of anxiety - not secondary to other symptoms (delusions)
Restricted to phobic object / situation
Phobic situation avoided

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6
Q

Psychotic disorders?

A

Loss of contact with reality
Delusions
Withdrawal from outside world - become confused / disoriented
Schizophrenia - positive and negative symptoms

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7
Q

Schizophrenia - POSITIVE?

Psychotic

A

Delusions
Auditory hallucinations
Disorganised behaviour

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8
Q

Schizophrenia - NEGATIVE?

Psychotic

A

Losing emotional responses
Inability to feel emotion
Lack motivation

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9
Q

Schizophrenia - DSM?

Psychotic

A 
Delusions
Hallucinations
Disorganised speech/behaviour
Negative symptoms
Social dysfunction
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10
Q

Affective disorders?

A

Different moods (happy/sad etc) natural responses to life
Affective disorders are disabling (strong emotions)- prevent individual from leading normal life
Depression:
-major: occur suddenly - reactive (external factors) or endogenous (internal factors)
-manic (bipolar): 2 extreme moods - mania (over-activity) and depression

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10
Q

Schizophrenia - ICD?

Psychotic

A 
Thought echo
Delusions of control
Hallucinatory voices
Delusions (persistent)
Hallucinations (persistent)
Incoherent speech
Reduction in apathy
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11
Q

Depression - EMOTIONAL RESPONSE?

Affective

A

Sadness
Depressed mood
Loss of pleasure from usual activities
Irritability

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12
Q

Depression - PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES?

Affective

A

Sleep deprivation
Agitation
Fatigue
Loss of energy

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12
Q

Depression - COGNITIVE RESPONSES?

Affective

A 
Poor concentration
Indecisiveness
Poor self esteem
Sense of worthlessness
Hopelessness
Thoughts of suicide
Delusions
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13
Q

Depression - DSM?

Affective

A 
Insomnia
Fidgeting
Tiredness
Feeling of worthlessness
Less ability to concentrate
Thoughts of death
Not caused by medication and hinder daily functioning
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14
Q

Depression - ICD?

Affective

A 
Depressed mood
Loss of interest / enjoyment
Reduced energy
Marked tiredness (after slog effort)
Reduced concentration
Reduced self esteem
Guilt
Pessimistic thoughts
Ideas of self harm
Disturbed sleep
Reduced appetite
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15
Q

xxLewinsohn - BACKGROUND?

Behavioural

A

-

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16
Q

Lewinsohn - AIM?

Behavioural

A

Compare amount of positive reinforcement received by depressed and non-depressed participants

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17
Q

Lewinsohn - SAMPLE?

Behavioural

A

30 participants

Depressed, ‘normal’ control and any disorder group

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18
Q

Lewinsohn - METHOD?

Behavioural

A

Longitudinal - 30 days

…

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19
Q

Lewinsohn - PROCEDURE?

Behavioural

A

Checked mood daily using depression adjective checklist (happy, active)
Completed pleasant activities scale - 320 activities (sports, meditating, yoga)

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20
Q

Lewinsohn - RESULTS?

Behavioural

A

Positive correlation between mood ratings and pleasant activities - more pleasant activities, more positive mood ratings
Lot of individual differences - more factors to depression than just pleasant activities

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21
Q

Lewinsohn - CONCLUSIONS?

Behavioural

A

Link between reinforcement from pleasant activities and mood
Further research required to identify individual characteristics that make some more influenced by pleasant activities than others

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22
Q

Lewinsohn - EVALUATION?

Behavioural

A

-

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23
Q

Wender - BACKGROUND?

Biological

A

-

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24
Q

Wender - AIM?

Biological

A

Investigate contribution of genetic and environmental factors in the cause of mood disorders

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25
Q

Wender - SAMPLE?

Biological

A

Adoptive and biological relatives of:
71 adult adoptees - mean age of 43.7 (mood disorder)
71 adult adoptees - mean age of 44 (psychologically normal)
Removed from mothers at early age

26
Q

xxWender - METHOD?

Biological

A

-

27
Q

Wender - PROCEDURE?

Biological

A

Psychiatric evaluation of relatives - independent blind diagnosis

28
Q

Wender - RESULTS?

Biological

A

8 fold increase in unipolar depression among biological relatives
15 fold increase in suicide among biological relatives

29
Q

Wender - CONCLUSIONS?

Biological

A

Genetic link between unipolar depression and suicide

30
Q

Wender - EVALUATION?

Biological

A

-

31
Q

Beck - BACKGROUND?

Cognitive

A

-

32
Q

Beck - AIM?

Cognitive

A

Understand cognitive distortions in depressed patients

33
Q

Beck - SAMPLE?

Cognitive

A 
50 participants with depression (16m / 34f)
18-48years old
Middle/upper class
Average intelligence or more
31 non-depressed controls
34
Q

Beck - METHOD?

Cognitive

A

Clinical interviews - undergoing therapy for depression

Independent measures

35
Q

Beck - PROCEDURE?

Cognitive

A

Face-to-face interviews

Diaries sometimes kept of thoughts (brought to sessions)

36
Q

Beck - RESULTS?

Cognitive

A 
Depressed patients:
-low self esteem
-self blame
-responsibility 
-desire to escape
-anxiety
Regarded themselves as inferior
Distortions were involuntary
37
Q

Beck - CONCLUSIONS?

Cognitive

A

Patients showed cognitive distortions - illogical thinking

39
Q

Beck - EVALUATION?

Cognitive

A

-

40
Q

Reisinger - BACKGROUND?

Behavioural

A

-

40
Q

Reisinger - AIM?

Behavioural

A

To see if behavioural therapy (token economy) can treat a patient with depression

41
Q

Reisinger - SAMPLE?

Behavioural

A

White female - 20 years old

Inpatient for 6 years

43
Q

Reisinger - METHOD?

Behavioural

A

Case study

44
Q

Reisinger - PROCEDURE?

Behavioural

A

Token gained when observed smiling and removed when observed crying
Token could be traded for desired things - better sleeping facilities, TV, trips etc
Social reinforcement - ‘well done’ along with token
Lasted 20 weeks

45
Q

Reisinger - MEASUREMENTS?

Behavioural

A

Smiling response - opening of moth and upward turning of the lips
Crying response - tears coming from eyes (5-30mins)
Responses recorded by staff (3x daily) - 2hour maximum duration (coinciding with meal times)
Observers 10ft+ away
Inter rater reliability used with more than 1 observer (0.95 coefficient found)

46
Q

Reisinger - RESULTS?

Behavioural

A

Baseline - smiling: 0 and crying: 30 (per week)
Final week of treatment - smiling: 27 and crying: 2 (per week)
Follow up study (after 18months) indicated no recommendation for further treatment

47
Q

Reisinger - CONCLUSIONS?

Behavioural

A

Behavioural therapies can be very effective in treating depression

48
Q

Reisinger - EVALUATION?

Behavioural

A

-

49
Q

Karp & Frank - BACKGROUND?

Biological

A 
Biological medication (for depression) increases neurotransmitters or prevents uptake of serotonin:
-monoamine oxidase inhibitors (inhibit MAO increases noradrenalin, dopamine and serotonin)
-tricyclics (enhance neurotransmitters)
-selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (prevent uptake of serotonin) - most common
Antidepressants act upon the neurological system - varying the amounts of neurotransmitters (eg serotonin)
50
Q

Karp & Frank - AIM?

Biological

A

Compare drug treatment and non-drug treatments for depression

51
Q

Karp & Frank - SAMPLE?

Biological

A

529 women - diagnosed with depression
9 pieces of research
1974-1992

52
Q

Karp & Frank - METHOD?

Biological

A

Review article
Previous research into effectiveness of single treatments and combined drug and psychotherapeutic treatments of depression

54
Q

Karp & Frank - PROCEDURE?

Biological

A

Patients were tested prior to and after treatment for depression

54
Q

Karp & Frank - RESULTS?

Biological

A

Adding psychological treatments to drug therapy did not increase the effectiveness of drug therapy
Less attrition with combination therapies (sometimes) - more likely to continue treatment if cognitive and drug therapy used

55
Q

Karp & Frank - CONCLUSIONS?

Biological

A

Combined treatments gives no better outcome than only drug therapy
Drug therapy is effective

56
Q

Karp & Frank - EVALUATION?

Biological

A

-

57
Q

xxRiggs - BACKGROUND?

Combined CBT

A

Cognitive treatments for depression based on theory of faulty cognitions - changing negative thoughts into positive ones (irrational to rational)
Help perceive the world as more positive
Assumptions of cognitive behavioural therapy:
-patients respond to situations on the basis of their own negative interpretations
-thoughts, behaviour and feelings are related to each other
-…

58
Q

Riggs - AIM?

Combined CBT

A

Evaluate effect of fluoxetine vs placebo - combined with CBT

Effect on depression, substance abuse and conduct disorder

60
Q

Riggs - SAMPLE?

Combined CBT

A

126 adolescents diagnosed with depression

Diagnosed with substance abuse and conduct disorder

60
Q

Riggs - METHOD?

Combined CBT

A

Independent measures

CBT directed at substance abuse (not depression)

62
Q

Riggs - PROCEDURE?

Combined CBT

A 
16 weeks being treated by:
-fluoxetine
or
-placebo
(and CBT for substance abuse)
63
Q

Riggs - RESULTS?

Combined CBT

A

Fluoxetine and CBT combination most effective - led to significant improvements

64
Q

xxRiggs - CONCLUSIONS?

Combined CBT

A

??

65
Q

Riggs - EVALUATION?

Combined CBT

A

-

Psychology (6 decks)

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