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orthopedic anatomy > Foot and Ankle Pathophyisology > Flashcards

Foot and Ankle Pathophyisology Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones are in the foot?

A

26 total; 14 phalanges; 5 metatarsals; 7 tarsals

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2
Q

What is the Big Toe aka?

A

Hallux, 1st toe, Great toe

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3
Q

What does the Great Toe contain?

A

2 sesmoid bones, under the 1st MPJ

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4
Q

Metatarsal Bone facts

A

1 starting with great toe going laterally. 1st is the strongest and 5th is the most fractured.

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5
Q

Name all 7 Tarsal bones

A

3 cuneiform bones, navicular, calcaneous, talus, cuboid

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6
Q

What is the largest tarsal bone, supports talus and shapes heel. Provides attachment for achilles tendon?

A

calcaneous

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7
Q

How many cuneiform’s are in the foot?

A

3; 1st is the most medial then goes laterally.

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8
Q

IP Joint Movements an location.

A

Interphalageal Joint (IPJ) can be distal or proximal depending upon which toe. Can only Flexion and Extension.

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9
Q

MP Joint movements.

A

Metatarsalsophalangeal Joint (MPH) can Flexion , Extension, Abduct, or Adduct.

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10
Q

Where is the medial malelous?

A

At the distal part of the tibia

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11
Q

Where is the lateral maleolus?

A

At the distal part of the fibula

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12
Q

What is the main weight-bearing bone of the ankle? located just below tib/fib.

A

Talus.

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13
Q

What 5 ligaments are located on the lateral side of the ankle?

A

The ligaments of the lateral side of ankle are: ATF, PTF, CF, Anterior tibiofibular ligament, and Posterior tibiofibular ligament.

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14
Q

What is the CF ligament and how can it be tested?

A

Calcaneofibular ligament, Can be tested with resisted inversion.

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15
Q

What is the PTF ligament and how can it be tested?

A

Posterior talofibular ligament, Can be tested with resisted inversion.

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16
Q

What is the ATF ligament and how can it be tested?

A

Anterior talofibular ligament, most commonly sprained in the ankle. Can be tested with resisted inversion.

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17
Q

Which ligaments are located just above the PTF and ATF?

A

Posterior and anterior tibiofibular ligaments.

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18
Q

What ligaments are located on the medial side of the ankle and how can they be tested?

A

Deltoid ligaments. Can be tested via resisted eversion.

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19
Q

How many deltoid ligaments are there?

A

There are 3

20
Q

What are the anterior muscles of the foot?

A

Extensor Hallucis Longus, Extensor Hallucis Brevis, Extensor Digitorum Longus, Extensor Digitorum Brevis. Tibialis Anterior

21
Q

What are the Extensor Hallucis Longus and Brevis mostly responsible for moving?

A

The Great Big Toe.

22
Q

What are the Extensor Digitorum Longus and Brevis responsible for moving?

A

The other 4 phalanges.

23
Q

What is the Tibialis Anterior responsible for moving?

A

Inversion and Dorisflexion of the ankle.

24
Q

What are the medial muscles of the foot and what do they do?

A

Tibialis Posterior, Flexor Hallicus Longus, and the Flexor Digitorum Longus, and all help each other in the plantar flexion of the foot.

25
Q

What is the Tibialis Posterior responsible for moving?

A

Plantar Flexoin and Inversion.

26
Q

What is the Flexor Hallicus Longus responsibe for?

A

Plantar flexion of the ankle and Flexion of the Big Toe.

27
Q

What is the Flexor Digitorum Longus responsible for?

A

Plantar Flexion of the ankle and Flexion of the other 4 phalanges.

28
Q

What are the posterior muslces of the ankle/ calf and what do they do?

A

Gastrocnemicus and Soleus, which are responsible for Plantar flexion of the foot.

29
Q

What are the lateral muscle of the ankle and what are they responsible for?

A

Peroneus Longus and Peroneus Brevis, both are responsible for the eversion and plantar flexion of the ankle.

30
Q

What are the 2 arches of the foot?

A

High arch (Supination) Low arch(Pronation)

31
Q

What is flat foot known as?

A

Pes Planus

32
Q

MOI: extreme inversion or eversion of the ankle. Patient is complaining of edema, ecchymosis, laxity, inabilty to walk or run.

A

Diagnosis: Ankle Sprain. Treatment: RICE, NSAID’s, and PT. Prevention: stregthening and supporive shoes.

33
Q

1st degree ankle sprain

A

ATF is most likely involved can go back to daily activity as tolerated.

34
Q

2nd degree ankle sprain

A

ATF and CF are involved, X-Ray for a possible fracture of ankle, Short period of NWB on crutches.

35
Q

3rd degree ankle sprain

A

ATF, PTF, and CF are involved. possible rupture of a ligament, X-ray for fractures, Extended NWB period.

36
Q

MOI: Repetitive high impact activities like running or jumping. Patient will most likely complain of edema, crepitus, pain, pain with dorsiflexion, weak plantar flexion

A

Diagnosis: Achilles tendonitis. Treatment: RICE, NSIAD’s, activity modifications, agressive stretching of the heel cord TID. Prevention: Achilles and Gastroc/Soleus Stretching three times a day.

37
Q

MOI: Sudden forceful plantarflexion of the ankle with a chronically tight tendon. The patient will likely complain of feeling or hearing a pop during the injury, extreme pain, inability to plantarflex foot.

A

Diagnosis: Achilles Rupture. Treatment: Surgery or Immobilization. Prevention: Daily stretching and proper treatment of any tendonitis.

38
Q

PE shows: PIPJ is flexed; MPJ and DIPJ are both hyperextended.

A

Hammer-Toe

39
Q

Patient complains of pain, errythema, and edema near the nail bed.

A

Diagnosis: Ingrown Toe Nail. Treatment: Hot water soaking, antibiotics, matricectomy

40
Q

Surgical Removal of a nail

A

Matricectomy

41
Q

Patient complains of bony enlargement of the 1st metatarsal.

A

Diagnosis: Bunions aka HAV caused by wearing shoes that are not the right size.

42
Q

What to look for in a visual Inspection of a typical foot exam.

A

Assymetry, Atrophy, Effusion, Edema, Ecchymosis.

43
Q

What to look for in a palpation Inspection of a typical foot exam.

A

TTP over the (specific area)

44
Q

what to look for in a neurological inspection of a typical foot exam.

A

Strength of separate muscle groups against resistance.

45
Q

PE: Tests ligament instability, mainly used for testing of the ATF. However if injury is severe enough PTF of CF may trigger as well. Ankle is relaxed and slightly plantar flexed.

A

Anterior Drawer Test

46
Q

Tests for lateral ankle instability, if + indicates a tear of ATF/CF ligaments.

A

Talar Tilt Test

47
Q

Tests for Achilles rupture. Forced Achilles firing by manupulation of the gastrocnemicus and soleus complex by squeezing.

A

Thompson’s Test.

orthopedic anatomy (14 decks)

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