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MSK extras > foot and ankle injuries > Flashcards

foot and ankle injuries Flashcards

1
Q
  1. what are open (compound) fractures?
  2. what are the associated risks of an open fracture?
  3. how are open fractures treated?
A
  1. fracture associated with break in the skin
  2. microbiota and foreign bodies can enter the body more easily causing infection
  3. surgical intervention
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2
Q
  1. what is meant by the term fracture?
  2. what are the 2 types of ankle fracture?
A
  1. fracture is anything that causes a discontinuation of the cortex of a bone
  2. lateral malleolar or medial malleolar
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3
Q

what provides support and stability to the tibia and fibula?

A
  • interosseous membrane - attaches fibula to tibia along length of bone
  • ligaments - anterior and posterior superior tibiofibular ligaments + anterior and posterior inferior tibiofibular ligaments
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4
Q

what are the medial ligaments of the ankle?

A

deltoid ligaments

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5
Q

what are the lateral ligaments of the ankle?

A
  • anterior tibiofibular ligament
  • posterior tibiofibular ligament
  • anterior talorfibular ligament
  • posterior talofibular ligament
  • calcaneofibular ligament
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6
Q

what is a bimalleolar fracture?

A

both medial and lateral malleoli fractured

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7
Q
  1. what is a trimalleolar fracture?
  2. what causes a trimalleolar fracture?
A
  1. fracture to medial and lateral malleoli and posterior aspect of tibia (more unstable than a bimalleolar fracture)
  2. high energy trauma
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8
Q
  1. what type of fracture is a 5th metatarsal fracture?
  2. what is the typical mechanism of a 5th metatarsal injury?
  3. which muscles insert on the 5th metatarsal and therefore cause the avulsion fracture?
A
  1. avulsion fracture - part of bone is pulled away from where it is meant to be due to excsesive tension in the inserting tendons
  2. stepping on curb or climbing steps
  3. fibularis brevis muscle and plantar aponeurosis cause significant tension during forced inversion when foot is plantar flexed
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9
Q
  1. what is a sprain?
  2. what are the 2 types of ligament sprains?
  3. what causes the 2 types of ligament sprains?
  4. hwo are sprains treated?
A
  1. bone intact but there is a tear in ligament
  2. medial (deltoid) ligament sprains or lateral ligament sprains
  3. medial ligament sprain - forced eversion, lateral ligament sprain - forced inversion
  4. conservative treatment
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10
Q
  1. what is hallux valgus AKA?
  2. what happens to the joints in hallux valgus?
  3. what are the risk factors for hallux valgus?
  4. what is the management of hallux valgus?
A
  1. bunions
  2. lateral deviation of proximal phalange + medial deviation of metatarsal
  3. female, age > 65 years, connective tissue disorders, hypermobility syndromes
  4. analgesia, supportive footwear, surgical correction
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11
Q
  1. which joints are most affected by foot osteoarthritis?
  2. what are the complications of MTPJ osteoarthritis?
  3. what are the complications of mid-foot osteoarthritis?
A
  1. 1st MTPJ or mid foot tarso-metatarsal joint
  2. hallux rigidis, hallux valgus, ligament weakness
  3. arch collapses
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12
Q
  1. what joints are most affected in ankle osteoarthritis?
  2. what is the management of ankle osteoarthritis?
A
  1. talocrural joint or subtalor joint
  2. NSAID, support brace, operation if needed
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13
Q
  1. what is the difference between achilles tendinopathy and rupture?
  2. what are risk factors for achilles tendinopathy and rupture?
  3. how is achilles tendinopathy and rupture diagnosed?
  4. how is achilles tendinopathy and rupture treated?
A
  1. tendinopathy - many small tears causing tendon inflammation, rupture - complete loss of attachment
  2. trauma, poor footwear, obesity, sudden increase in exercise frequency
  3. simmonds test (calf squeeze), US, MRI
  4. analgesia + physio or surgical fixation if needed
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14
Q
  1. what causes claw toe?
  2. what causes hammer toe?
  3. what causes mallot toe?
  4. what causes curly toe?
  5. what are the risk factors of toe deformities?
  6. what are the complications of toe deformities?
A
  1. hyperextended at the MTPJ and flexed at the PIPJ
  2. toe is flexed at the PIPJ
  3. toe is flexed at DIPJ
  4. flexor digitorum brevis or longus muscle is too tight
  5. ill-fitting shoes, high arches, diabetes, trauma
  6. corns + calluses, gait instability, discomfort
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15
Q
  1. what causes flat footedness?
  2. what is flat footedness AKA?
  3. what are the risk factors for flat foot?
  4. how is flat foot treated?
A
  1. loss of medial longitudinal arch
  2. pes planus
  3. genetics, ligament laxity, obesity, diabetes
  4. physiotherapy and analgesia
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16
Q
  1. what are the foot conditions caused by diabetes?
  2. what are the symptoms of diabetic foot?
  3. how can you prevent diabetic foot?
A
  1. peripheral vascular disease, peripheral neuropathy
  2. deformity, pain + stiffness, loss of sensation, nail changes
  3. annual diabetic foot check, self care advice - moisturise, good fitting shoes
17
Q
  1. what is charcot arthropathy foot?
  2. what are the 2 theories of charcot foot?
  3. how does charcot foot present?
  4. how is charcot foot treated?
A
  1. Progressive destruction of the bone and soft tissue of the foot characterised by multiple joint dislocations, fractures and deformities
  2. neurotraumatic or neurovascular
  3. pain, swelling, loss of sensation, instability + loss of joint function
  4. treat underlying condition + support with regards to deformity
18
Q
  1. what is compartment syndrome?
  2. what are the 6 P’s of compartment syndrome?
  3. how is compartment syndrome diagnosed?
  4. what causes compartment syndrome?
  5. how is compartment syndrome treated?
  6. what are the complications associated with compartment syndrome?
A
  1. Increase in pressure within a CLOSED fascial compartment that compromises the neurovascular bundle
  2. pain (out of proportion), paraesthesia, pulselessness, perishingly cold, paralysis, palor
  3. pain on passive dorsiflexion/plantarflexion of hallux, can measure compartment pressure (if there is >30 difference between compartment and diastolic then confirm diagnoses)
  4. long bone fracture
  5. fasciotomy
  6. poor surgical technique, nerve injury, inability to close, infection

MSK extras (23 decks)

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