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Y2 MSK > Foot and Ankle Conditions > Flashcards

Foot and Ankle Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

What is hallux valgus?

A

Lateral deviation of the big toe, which forms a bony lump medially

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2
Q

Hallux valgus is commoner in males. True/False?

A

False

Females 4:1 males

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3
Q

What is a bunion?

A

Inflamed bursa over the 1st metatarsal head

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4
Q

List conservative treatment for hallux valgus

A

Wearing more accommodating shoes

Spacers between 1st webspace

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5
Q

Surgery for cosmesis in hallux valgus is really effective and patients are usually super happy. True/False?

A

False

Quite the contrary.

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6
Q

What is hallux rigidus?

A

OA of the 1st metatarso-phalangeal joint

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7
Q

What is the gold standard surgical treatment for hallux rigidus?

A

Arthrodesis - alleviates pain but reduced motion

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8
Q

Arthrodesis prevents women wearing high-heels. True/False?

A

True

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9
Q

What is Morton’s neuroma?

A

Irritation and degeneration of plantar interdigital nerves near their bifurcation, causing inflammation and swelling (neuroma)

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10
Q

List clinical features of Morton’s neuroma

A

Forefoot pain
Burning/tingling radiating within toes
Loss of sensation in webspace

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11
Q

What is a Mulder’s +ve click test for Morton’s neuroma?

A

Compression of metatarsal heads causes symptoms/clicking

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12
Q

Women are more affected by Morton’s neuroma - what is a significant implicated cause of this?

A

High-heels

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13
Q

Where do metatarsal stress fractures usually occur?

A

2nd-3rd metatarsal

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14
Q

List aetiology for Achilles tendonitis

A

Repetitive strain (sports)
Quinolone antibiotics
Rheumatoid arthritis
Gout

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15
Q

Steroid injections are contraindicated at the Achilles tendon. True/False?

A

True

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16
Q

What clinical test is used to define tendon rupture?

A

Simmonds test (no plantarflexion of foot when calf is squeezed)

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17
Q

List proposed causative factors for plantar fasciitis

A

Diabetes
Obesity
Walking on hard floors
Poor cushioning in shoes

18
Q

Where does the tibialis posterior tendon predominately insert?

A

Navicular bone

19
Q

What is pes cavus? What are some common causes?

A

Abnormal high arch of the foot

Infection, neurological conditions

20
Q

Describe claw toes

A

Hyperextension at MTPJ

Hyperflexion at PIPJ + DIPJ

21
Q

Describe hammer toes

A

Hyperextension at DIPJ + MTPJ

Hyperflexion at PIPJ

22
Q

Describe mallet toes

A

Hyperflexion at DIPJ

23
Q

What is the most common cause of acquired pes planus in adults?

A

Tibialis posterior dysfunction

24
Q

What is a fairly specific finding in tibialis posterior dysfunction?

A

Pain and swelling posterior to medial malleolus

25
Q

What is pes planus?

A

Flat foot - loss of medial arch of the foot

26
Q

What is a fairly specific finding of tibialis posterior dysfunction?

A

Pain and swelling posterior to the medial malleolus

27
Q

List treatments for plantar fasciitis

A 
NSAIDs
Rest
Splints (particularly at night)
Heel cups/arch support
Steroid injection
28
Q

What are the operative indications for hallux valgus?

A

Failure of non-op
Pain + infiltration of little toes
Ulceration
Functional/lifestyle limitations

29
Q

List some features of rheumatoid foot

A

Hallux valgus
Subluxed MTPs
Clawed toes
Painful plantar calluses

30
Q

What is the difference between tendinitis and tendinosis?

A

Tendinitis is inflammation resulting from microtears

Tendinosis is degeneration of collagen from chronic overuse

31
Q

In claw, hammer and mallet toe, what is the main deformity?

A

Hyperextension

32
Q

In claw toe, which joints are flexed?

A

PIPDIP

33
Q

In mallet toe, which joint is flexed?

A

DIP

34
Q

In hammer toe, which joint is flexed?

A

PIP

35
Q

Outline the treatment for pes planus

A

Physio
Insole (to support medial arch)
Appropriate footwear
Surgery

36
Q

How is pes cavus managed?

A

Surgery - soft tissue release, tendon transfer, calcaneal osteotomy, arthrodesis

37
Q

What is plantar fasciitis?

A

Mechanical problem affecting the plantar membrane of the foot, causing heel pad pain when walking

38
Q

Hallux valgus has a strong association with family history. True/False?

A

True

39
Q

What surgical procedure is offered for the treatment of hallux valgus?

A

Osteotomy

40
Q

What is the gold standard surgical treatment for Morton’s neuroma?

A

Steroid and local anaesthetic injection

41
Q

What conservative management should be used in ankle sprain?

A

RICE (Rest, ice, compress, elevate)

Physio

Y2 MSK (30 decks)

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