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Y2 MSK > Bone Tumours > Flashcards

Bone Tumours Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 main benign bone tumours?

A

Osteochondroma
Chondroma (enchondroma)
Osteoid osteoma
Chondroblastoma

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2
Q

Describe osteochondroma

Which bones are they typically found on?

A

Cartilagenous bony projection on external surface of bone, usually near epiphyses, with marrow cavity continuous with original bone
Usually chondrocyte origin
ASSOCIATED WITH LOCAL PAIN

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3
Q

Describe chondroma/enchondroma

Which bones are they typically found on?

A

Hyaline cartilage tumour arising in the medullary cavity

ASYMPTOMATIC BUT CAN LEAD TO FRACTURE

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4
Q

Which two developmental disorders are associated with chondroma?

A

Ollier’s disease and Maffuci syndrome

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5
Q

Which has the greater risk of malignant transformation - Ollier’s disease or Mafucci syndrome?

A

Mafucci

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6
Q

Describe osteoid osteoma

How is it diagnosed and managed?

A

Osteoblastic tumour of neoplastic/infectious origin; appears as intense sclerotic halo

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7
Q

List clinical features of osteoid osteoma

A

Swelling/tenderness
Males, children/young adults
Dull pain at night relieved by NSAID

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8
Q

Describe chondroblastoma

A

Rare cartilagenous tumour within bone, usually epiphyses

Usually teenagers”chicken-wire calcification”

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9
Q

List the 3 main benign + locally aggressive tumours

A

Giant cell tumour
Osteoblastoma
Chordoma

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10
Q

Describe giant cell tumours

A

Osteoclast-derived tumour of long bones, usually knee

Radiolucent with multinucleated cells”soap-bubble” appearance on XR

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11
Q

List the 3 main malignant bone tumours in order of most common - least common

A

Osteosarcoma
Chondrosarcoma
Ewing’s sarcoma

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12
Q

Secondary bone tumours (metastatic) are more common than primary. True/False?

A

True

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13
Q

What is the commonest benign bone tumour?

A

Osteochondroma

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14
Q

What does an osteochondroma look like?

A

Bony outgrowth on external surface with cartilagenous cap

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15
Q

What is the name given to an intramedullary, usually metaphyseal, cartilagenous tumour caused by failure of normal endochondral ossification?

A

Enchondroma

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16
Q

What does an enchondroma look like?

A

Usually lucent but can have patchy, sclerotic appearance

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17
Q

Which bones are usually affected by osteochondromas and enchondromas, respectively?

A 
Long bones (femur, humerus, tibia)
Small bones of hands and feet
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18
Q

What is the name given to a single-cavity benign fluid-filled cyst in a bone?

A

Simple bone cyst

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19
Q

How do simple bone cysts probably arise?

A

Growth defect from the physis

20
Q

What do you call a bone cyst containing lots of chambers, usually filled with blood?

A

Aneurysmal bone cyst

21
Q

Where do giant cell tumours usually occur?

A

Around the knee and distal radius

22
Q

Are giant cell tumours painful?

A

Yes

Locally destructive

23
Q

What is the characteristic appearance of giant cell tumours on XR?

A

“Soap-bubble” appearance

24
Q

When does fibrous dysplasia of bone usually occur?

A

Adolescence, producing immature bone/fibrosis

25
Q

What name is given to a small nidus of immature bone surrounded by a sclerotic halo?

A

Osteoid osteoma

26
Q

What is the predominant clinical feature of osteoid osteoma?

A

Intense constant pain that is worse at night, relieved by NSAIDs

27
Q

List general treatment for benign bone tumours

A

Curettage (scraping)
Bone grafting/cement
Excision
Radiofrequency ablation

28
Q

What is the most common primary bone tumour?

A

Osteosarcoma

29
Q

Most cases of osteosarcoma are seen in over 50s. True/False?

A

False

Most cases are seen in adolescence/early adulthood

30
Q

Where does osteosarcoma affect 60% of the time?

A

Knee

31
Q

Which is more common - chondrosarcoma or Ewing’s sarcoma?

A

Chondrosarcoma

32
Q

Which age group is usually affected by chondrosarcoma?

A

45yr olds

33
Q

What is Ewing’s sarcoma?

A

Malignant tumour of primative cells in the marrow

34
Q

Most cases of Ewing’s sarcoma occur between the ages of 10 and 20. True/False?

A

True

35
Q

List general treatment for primary malignant bone tumours

A

Surgical excision

Chemotherapy

36
Q

List the primary malignant tumours that metastasise commonly to bone, from most to less frequent

A 
Breast carcinoma
Prostate carcinoma
Lung carcinoma
Renal cell carcinoma
Thyroid adenocarcinoma
37
Q

List features suggestive of a benign soft tissue neoplasm

A 
Small size
Variable size
Cystic lesions
Well-defined
Fluid-filled/fatty
38
Q

List features suggestive of a malignant soft tissue neoplasm

A 
Large size
Rapid growth
Solid
Ill-defined
Irregular surface
Systemic features
39
Q

What is the commonest benign soft tissue tumour?

A

Lipoma

40
Q

Where do ganglion cysts occur?

A

Around a synovial joint/synovial tendon sheath

41
Q

What is the classical sign of fibrous dysplasia?

A

Shepherd’s crook

42
Q

What medication is used to treat fibrous dysplasia?

A

Biphosphonates

43
Q

What does an Ewings sarcoma look like?

A

Small round blue cell tumour, onion skin pattern

44
Q

What disease is Ewings sarcoma associated with?

A

Osteomyelitis

45
Q

How does a ganglion cyst feel?

A

Well defined, firm, fluid

Y2 MSK (30 decks)

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