Foot

Question 1

What are the joints of the foot?

Answer 1

Subtalar, midtarsal, tarsometatarsal, metatarsalphalangeal (MTP), interphalangeal

Question 2

Where is the subtalar joint?

Answer 2

Between talus and calcaneus

Question 3

What are some features of the midtarsal joints?

Answer 3

2 joints, between calcaneocuboid and talocalcaneonavicular. synovial joints

Question 4

What produces inversion at the midtarsal joints?

Answer 4

Tibialis anterior and tibialis posterior, tibial and deep fibular nerves

Question 5

What produces eversion at the midtarsal joints?

Answer 5

Fibularis muscles and both fibular nerves

Question 6

Where are the tarsometatarsal joints?

Answer 6

Between cuneiforms/cuboid proximally and metatarsals

Question 7

What movements do the MTP joints allow?

Answer 7

Synovial joints allowing flexion, extension, adduction, abduction and circumflexion of the toes

Question 8

What kind of joint are the interphalangeal joints?

Answer 8

Synovial hinge joints = allow flexion and extension of toes

Question 9

What are the functions of the arches of the foot?

Answer 9

Shock absorption, push off spring in function, increased weight bearing capacity by weight redistribution across the whole foot

Question 10

What structures support the arches of the foot?

Answer 10

Plantar aponeurosis and plantar ligaments

Question 11

What is the plantar aponeurosis?

Answer 11

Thickened central area of plantar fascia (deep fascia of sole of foot)

Question 12

What bones make up the medial longitudinal arch?

Answer 12

Bones of medial aspect of foot = calcaneus, talus, navicular, 3 cuneiforms and metatarsals 1-3

Question 13

What structures support the medial longitudinal arch?

Answer 13

Flexor hallucis longus and attachments of tibialis anterior (to junction between medial cuneiforms and base of first metatarsal) and attachment of fibularis longus

Question 14

Where does the tendon of fibularis longus pass?

Answer 14

Across plantar surface of foot from lateral to medial to also attach to medial cuneiform and base of first metatarsal

Question 15

What are some features of the lateral longitudinal arch?

Answer 15

Lower arch than medial longitudinal arch, formed by calcaneus, cuboid and metatarsals 4 and 5, usually weight bearing on standing

Question 16

What bones make up the transverse arch and what structures supports it?

Answer 16

Formed by cuboid, cuneiforms and base of all 5 metatarsals

Supported by fibularis longus and tibialis posterior

Question 17

What are the arches of the foot?

Answer 17

Medial and lateral longitudinal arches, transverse attach

Question 18

Where do the intrinsic muscles of the foot attach?

Answer 18

Attach proximally and distally within the foot

Question 19

Where are the intrinsic muscles of the foot located?

Answer 19

Mainly located in compartments within the sole, where they are arranged in three layers, or between the metatarsals (the 7 interossei, forming 4th sole)

Question 20

What are the main movements of the toes performed by the intrinsic muscles of the foot?

Answer 20

Flexion = sole muscles
Abduction and adduction = interossei
Short extension = 2 dorsal muscles

Question 21

What arteries supply blood to the foot?

Answer 21

Dorsalis pedis and medial and lateral plantar arteries

Question 22

What is the dorsalis pedis artery a branch of, and what does it form?

Answer 22

Branch of anterior tibial artery

Branches give arcuate artery of foot dorsum

Question 23

Where can the pulse of the dorsalis pedis artery be palpated?

Answer 23

Lateral to extensor hallucis longus tendon

Question 24

What are the medial and lateral plantar arteries formed from, and what do they give rise to?

Answer 24

Branches of posterior tibial artery

Contribute to deep plantar arch

Question 25

What give rise to the metatarsal arteries?

Answer 25

Deep plantar arch and arcuate artery = metatarsal arteries branch into digital arteries (4 for each toe)

Question 26

What are the superficial veins of the foot?

Answer 26

Dorsal venous arch gives rise to great saphenous vein medially and small saphenous vein laterally

Question 27

Where do the deep veins of the foot run?

Answer 27

Accompany arteries of foot and drain into anterior and posterior tibial veins and the fibular veins (these join to form the popliteal vein)

Question 28

What motor nerves supply the foot?

Answer 28

Tibial nerve supplies intrinsic muscles of sole

Deep fibular nerve supplies intrinsic muscles of dorsum

Question 29

What is the sensory innervation of the dorsum of the foot?

Answer 29

Mainly superficial fibular nerve
Deep fibular nerve = first interdigital cleft
Sural nerve = proximal lateral border
Saphenous nerve = proximal medial border

Question 30

What is the sensory innervation of the plantar surface of the foot?

Answer 30

Mainly tibial nerve to heel and majority of sole (also supplied by medial and lateral plantar nerves)
Sural nerve = supplies proximal lateral border
Saphenous nerve = supplies proximal medial border

Question 31

What vessels do the lymphatics of the foot accompany?

Answer 31

Great and small saphenous veins