Foot Flashcards
What is the structure of the extensor retinaculum?
superior and inferior component - superior component is a thickening of the deep fascia - inferior component is a Y shape which extends from the medial malleolus and the medial plantar aponeurosis to the superolateral calcaneus laterally
What is the structure of the lateral retinaculum?
two componenets - a superficial band from the lateral malleolus to the calcaneus - an inferior band from the lateral calcaneus to blend with the inferior band of the extensor retinaculum
What is the structure of the flexor retinaculum?
a discrete band from the medial malleolus to the calcaneus
What are the arches of the foot?
one transverse arch and 2 longitudinal arches
What maintains the arches of the foot?
bones, ligaments and muscles - in particular the spring and plantar ligaments, the tendon of fibularis longus and the plantar aponeurosis
What muscle is in the dorsum of the foot?
extensor digitorum brevis
Where does extensor digitorum brevis arise from?
the superolateral part of calcaneus
Where do the tendons of extensor digitorum brevis insert?
joins the extensor digitorum longus tendons on the lateral side
What are the insertions of the extensor hoods on the dorsum of the foot?
apex inserts into the base of the distal phalynx, centre attaches to the sides of the middle phalynx
What nerve is in the dorsum of the foot?
deep fibular nerve
What are the branches of the dorsalis pedis artery?
arcuate artery (which gives off metatarsal and digital arteries) and deep plantar artery
What is the first layer of the sole of the foot under the plantar aponeurosis?
the short muscles - flexor digitorum brevis, abductor hallicus and abductor digiti minimi
Where do the abductors of the sole of the foot insert?
into the base of the proximal phalynx
Where do the flexors of the sole of the foot insert?
into the base of the middle phalynx
What is the second layer of the sole of the foot?
the tendons of FDL, FHL and fibularis longus, lumbricals and flexor accessorius
Where do the lumbricals originate and insert?
associated with the tendons of FDL on the medial side and insert into the extensor expansion
What is the origin and insertion of flexor accessorius?
originates by 2 heads from calcaneus and inserts into the lateral border of FDL
What is the action of flexor accessorius?
optimises the function of FDL and straightens the line of pull
What is the third layer of the sole of the foot?
flexor digiti minimi brevia, flexor hallicus brevis and adductor hallucis
What is the fourth layer of the sole of the foot?
interossei
What is the action of the interossei?
3 plantar adduct and 4 dorsal abducting (in the plane of the 2nd toe)
Where is the neurovascular plane in the sole of the foot?
between layer 1 and 2
What nerve runs in the sole of the foot?
tibial nerve
What artery runs in the sole of the foot?
posterior tibial artery
