Foot

Question 1

What is the structure of the extensor retinaculum?

Answer 1

superior and inferior component - superior component is a thickening of the deep fascia - inferior component is a Y shape which extends from the medial malleolus and the medial plantar aponeurosis to the superolateral calcaneus laterally

Question 2

What is the structure of the lateral retinaculum?

Answer 2

two componenets - a superficial band from the lateral malleolus to the calcaneus - an inferior band from the lateral calcaneus to blend with the inferior band of the extensor retinaculum

Question 3

What is the structure of the flexor retinaculum?

Answer 3

a discrete band from the medial malleolus to the calcaneus

Question 4

What are the arches of the foot?

Answer 4

one transverse arch and 2 longitudinal arches

Question 5

What maintains the arches of the foot?

Answer 5

bones, ligaments and muscles - in particular the spring and plantar ligaments, the tendon of fibularis longus and the plantar aponeurosis

Question 6

What muscle is in the dorsum of the foot?

Answer 6

extensor digitorum brevis

Question 7

Where does extensor digitorum brevis arise from?

Answer 7

the superolateral part of calcaneus

Question 8

Where do the tendons of extensor digitorum brevis insert?

Answer 8

joins the extensor digitorum longus tendons on the lateral side

Question 9

What are the insertions of the extensor hoods on the dorsum of the foot?

Answer 9

apex inserts into the base of the distal phalynx, centre attaches to the sides of the middle phalynx

Question 10

What nerve is in the dorsum of the foot?

Answer 10

deep fibular nerve

Question 11

What are the branches of the dorsalis pedis artery?

Answer 11

arcuate artery (which gives off metatarsal and digital arteries) and deep plantar artery

Question 12

What is the first layer of the sole of the foot under the plantar aponeurosis?

Answer 12

the short muscles - flexor digitorum brevis, abductor hallicus and abductor digiti minimi

Question 13

Where do the abductors of the sole of the foot insert?

Answer 13

into the base of the proximal phalynx

Question 14

Where do the flexors of the sole of the foot insert?

Answer 14

into the base of the middle phalynx

Question 15

What is the second layer of the sole of the foot?

Answer 15

the tendons of FDL, FHL and fibularis longus, lumbricals and flexor accessorius

Question 16

Where do the lumbricals originate and insert?

Answer 16

associated with the tendons of FDL on the medial side and insert into the extensor expansion

Question 17

What is the origin and insertion of flexor accessorius?

Answer 17

originates by 2 heads from calcaneus and inserts into the lateral border of FDL

Question 18

What is the action of flexor accessorius?

Answer 18

optimises the function of FDL and straightens the line of pull

Question 19

What is the third layer of the sole of the foot?

Answer 19

flexor digiti minimi brevia, flexor hallicus brevis and adductor hallucis

Question 20

What is the fourth layer of the sole of the foot?

Answer 20

interossei

Question 21

What is the action of the interossei?

Answer 21

3 plantar adduct and 4 dorsal abducting (in the plane of the 2nd toe)

Question 22

Where is the neurovascular plane in the sole of the foot?

Answer 22

between layer 1 and 2

Question 23

What nerve runs in the sole of the foot?

Answer 23

tibial nerve

Question 24

What artery runs in the sole of the foot?

Answer 24

posterior tibial artery

Question 25

What does the posterior tibial artery divide into?

Answer 25

medial and lateral plantar arteries

Question 26

What forms the deep plantar arch?

Answer 26

the deep plantar artery (branch of anterior tibial) and the lateral plantar artery (branch of the posterior tibial)

Question 27

What does the tibial nerve divide into?

Answer 27

medial and lateral plantar nerves

Question 28

What does the lateral plantar nerve supply?

Answer 28

sensory to the lateral 1.5 toes and motor to nearly all of the intrinsic muscles of the sole of the foot

Question 29

What does the medial plantar nerve supply?

Answer 29

sensory to the medial 3.5 toes