Food source and supply Flashcards
List 5 advantages of locally produced food.
- Fresher, and therefore tastier
- Fewer food miles, so it is better for the environment
- Reduced carbon footprint
- Less energy used in transporting
- Supports local farmers, and their produce can be cheap
List 4 disadvantages of locally produced and seasonal food.
- May not be as much choice, as seasonal foods are not available all year round
- Some people do not like the food being different sizes
- Is sometimes more expensive
- Unpackaged or unpreserved foods spoil faster
List 4 types of foods that are grown.
- Cereals
- Sugars (sugar cane and beet, honey, maple syrup)
- Fruits
- Vegetables
What is intensive farming?
- It uses methods of farming that produce a large yield from a relatively small area of land
- It is also known as conventional farming or ‘factory farming’
- It relies heavily on chemical fertilisers and pesticides
- It also includes growing high-yield crops in very large fields
- Many crops are grown intensively in greenhouses, such as tomatoes
- Recently hydroponic systems (food is grown in nutrient solution instead of soil) have been started to be used
What 3 are concerns people have about intensive farming, and what causes them?
The use of artificial fertilisers and pesticides, as they can:
- harm wildlife
- damage the environment (such as by polluting rivers)
- possibly have an impact on human health too
What is organic farming?
- Farming naturally without using artificial fertilisers or pesticides
- It is done following strict laws, and is monitored and later certified by an organic association, such as the Soil Association
- Organic matter like manure and compost are used instead of artificial fertilisers
- Instead of using pesticides, farmers use biological pesticides such as fungi, and other methods such as introducing a pest’s predators
- Produce contains no genetically engineered ingredients
List 5 advantages of organic farming.
- It reduces the use of chemical pesticides, so reduces damage done to the environment
- Fewer non-renewable resources are used than in intensive farming, so it’s more sustainable
It appeals to customers who: - are concerned about the environment
- are concerned about the impact of chemical pesticides on human health
- believe organic food tastes better
List 2 disadvantages of organic farming.
- It produces a lower yield than intensive farming
- It has higher production costs, so organic produce is more expensive
List 5 types of cereals and where they’re grown.
- Wheat, Europe
- Rice, China
- Barley, Russia
- Oats, Russia
- Rye, Europe
Describe the 3 parts of the structure of a cell of a fruit.
- Cell wall made of cellulose
- Cytoplasm made of colour pigments and fat droplets
- Vacuole (largest part of the cell) contains sugar, pigments and salts
What do the colours of vegetables depend on?
- Chlorophyll: green
- Carotenoids: yellow and orange
- Anthocyanins: red and blue (beetroot, red cabbage)
How are fruits classified? Give 2 examples from each category.
They typically develop from a flowering plant and contain seeds.
- Citrus: grapefruit and oranges
- Soft/ berry fruits: blueberries and blackcurrants
- Hard: apples and pears
- Other: bananas and melons
How are vegetables classified? Give 2 examples from each category.
By the area if the plant they come from.
- Leaves: spinach and lettuce
- Fruit: tomatoes and peppers
- Roots: carrots and turnips
- Flowers: cauliflower and broccoli
- Bulbs: onions and shallots
- Stems: celery and asparagus
- Tubers: potatoes and sweet potatoes
- Seeds/ pods: peas, sweetcorn
What are the 2 different ways animals can be reared?
- Factory-farmed animals
- Free-range animals
How does this differ for egg production?
There are:
- enriched cages
- barn egg
- free range
- organic
What are the conditions like for animals that are factory-farmed?
It is another form of intensive farming.
- Animals are kept inn warm sheds so they don’t waste energy on keeping warm or moving, which maximises their growth or production of food
- They may be given growth hormones or be force-fed so their growth is quicker and cheaper
- Battery cages for hens were banned, but ‘enriched cages’ only provide a little more space and nesting areas
List 2 advantages of factory-farming animals.
- It is more efficient
- Its produce is cheaper
List 2 disadvantages of factory-farming animals.
- People believe factory-farmed animals and their produce don’t taste as nice
Poor treatment of animals: - They’re more likely to duffer from diseases
- They can’t behave naturally
- They are killed at young ages
How are free-range animals reared?
- They have more room than factory-farmed animals, and they’re free to roam
- They aren’t given growth hormones
- They have a higher standard of welfare
How are animals reared organically?
- In free-range conditions
- The amount of antibiotics given to them are also kept to a minimum
List disadvantages of rearing free-range animals.
They’re more expensive as less food is produced due to the fact that:
- They use more energy moving around, so grow less
- The extra land needed to rear them also adds to costs
What are 2 labels used to show that animal products meet welfare standards?
- Red Tractor
- RSPCA Assured
What does the Red Tractor symbol mean?
- The product meets food safety, hygiene, animal welfare and environmental protection standards
- Foods with this symbol can also be traced back to the farms they came from
What does the RSPCA Assured symbol mean?
- Producers have followed the RSPCA’s strict welfare standards, which cover all aspects of an animal’s life
- The symbol is found on eggs, fish and meat
How is meat classified, and give 2 examples of each.
- Meat: beef and lamb
- Game (wild animals): venison (deer) and rabbit
- Poultry (reared animals): chicken and turkey
- Offal (edible ‘innards’): kidney and liver
What are 2 methods of catching fish?
- Trawling: dragging a net, either through the open sea or along the sea bed (bottom trawling)
- Drudging, which is similar to bottom trawling, but uses a metal cage instead
What are 3 issues associated with most methods of catching fish?
- They damage the seabed
- They are noisy and disturb whales and dolphins
- They result in a bycatch; other marine life are caught be accident, and when they are retuned to the sea they are either dead or dying
What is an issue with fishing altogther?
- There is overfishing; more fish are caught then can be replaced by reproduction
- Many fishing methods tend to not be sustainable methods (methods that don’t damage the environment or use up finite resources)
What are 3 ways of making fishing more sustainable and increasing fish stocks?
- Alternative fishing methods, such as longline fishing
- It uses a fishing line with baited hooks, and as it catches fewer fish, less unwanted fish are caught
- Fishing quotas set by governments limit the amount and sizes of fish that can be caught
- Holes in fishing nets can be made larger so younger fish can escape, grow and reproduce
What is the MSC?
- The Marine Stewardship Council puts its logo on fish that has been caught sustainably
- It also means the seafood can be traced
What is fish farming?
- Fish are reared in tanks/ enclosures is rivers and lakes or in cages in the sea
List 4 advantages of fish farming.
- Wild fish stocks are not reduced
- Fish can be produced in higher quantities
- Fish are protected from predators
- If the fished are reared indoors, the conditions can be controlled so there is a larger yield
List 5 disadvantages of fish farming.
- Setting up a fish farm can be expensive
- Running one can also be expensive
- There may be more disease as fish are selectively bred, and they are closely packed together
- The waste the fish produce can be a source of pollution
- Antibiotics and pesticides may be used to control diseases
How are fish classified? Give 2 examples of each.
- Oily: salmon and tuna
- White (round): cod and haddock
- White (flat): halibut and sole
- Shellfish (crustaceans): crab and lobster
- Shellfish (molluscs): oysters and scallops
