Food Science and Nutrient Composition of Foods Flashcards
F/v crispness
D/t osmotic pressure of water-filled vacuoles
Ripening and storage f/v
ethylene gas accelerates ripening of fruits during storage
F/v principles of preparation and processing
berries and mushrooms should be washed just before serving
Pigments: chlorophyll
GREEN
olive green in acid- pheophytin
bright green in alkaline- chlorophyllin (mushy, hemicellulose broken down)
Pigments: carotenoids
YELLOW ORANGE
little effet in acid or alkaline solution
lycopenes contribute to red color in tomatoes and watermelon and overtones in apricosts (act as an antioxidant, phytochemical)
Grading canned fruits and vegetables
USDA
A- desserts, salads (fancy)
B- processed (Choice)
C- puddings, pies (Standard)
Fresh produce: Fancy Extra #1 #1 Combination #2
F/v cooking methods
Frozen- shorter cooking time than fresh because blanching and freezing have made them tender
cabbage: to minimize the development of a strong flavor, cook for a short time, keep lide off initially to let acids escape cook in large amounts of water
10 Can f/v
per case: 6
wt: 6 lb 9 oz
measure: 13 cups
# servings: 20-25
Meat/poultry/fish structure and composition
sheet of connective tissue holds fibers in bundles
collagen: structural part of tendon that surrounds the muscle
in heat- hydrolyzed to gelatin, becomes tender
elastin: resistant to heat- little change in cooking
Meat/poultry/fish Nutritive value
Vit/min: thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, iron, copper, trace minerals
Pork is a good source of thiamin
Calcium content high in fish canned w/ bones, oysters, shrimp
Meat/poultry/fish pigments
Myoglobin + oxygen= red, brown, green
green color are due to further myoglobin breakdown
Meat/poultry/fish post mortem changes and aging
vacuum-packing meat in oxygen-permeable film, stored unfrozen at 0c is anaerobic (sous vide)- extends storage life of meat
Meat/poultry/fish inspection and grading
USDA done AT slaughter Grading indicates quality: Prime Choice Select Standard
Grading based on maturity of animal, marbling of fat, color and texture of lean
Meat/poultry/fish cookery principles
safe minimum internal temps:
145 F: pork, beef, veal, lamb, steaks, roast, fish
(155 F: ground meat and ground seafood)
160 F: ground beef, ground veal, ground lamb
165 F: turkey, chicken, duck
cured meats are pink from nitrites
Meat/poultry/fish methods of cooking determined by cut of meat
DRY: frying, broiling, roasting, grilling
MOIST: simmer, steam, stew
Roasting: when meat is removed from oven “carry over cooking” occurs for about 10 min, internal meat temp rises 15-25 F
Fish cookery
fresh fish with head attached should have bright red gills and bright, shiny skin, if gills are dull and gray reject it
Eggs
Yolk more concentrated than white, more protein (by wt), fat, minerals, vitamins
color of yolk depends on amount and type of pigment in hen’s diet
Egg quality
grading: candling, pass an egg in front of bright light to view contents
judge thickness of white location and condition of of yolk