Food safety cram Flashcards
Blast freezing temp
Blast freezing temps- -30 to -45 C
pathology at the slaughterhouse
pathology at the slaughterhouse
General pathology rules: carcasses showing generalized pathological changes are condemned whereas ones showing localized lesions are passed though the affected region may be condemned.
chronic + and localized= passed i.e. Actinomycoses (lumpy jaw)
acute + localized=passed i.e. Caseous lymphadenitis
acute + generalized= condemned i.e. Erysipelas
chronic + generalized =condemned i.e. TB
Actinomycoses (lumpy jaw)/Actinobacillus (wooden jaw)
Actinomycoses (lumpy jaw)/Actinobacillus (wooden jaw) moderate involvement with suppuration: condemn tongue/head, extensive involvement w/ metastasis-condemn carcass
Lepto hemolytic icterus
Lepto hemolytic icterus w/ enlarged yellow liver, enlarged spleen, lymph nodes, hemogloginuria: condemn
Pneumonia: use generalized versus chronic.
Pneumonia: use generalized versus chronic. Pass if chronic and localized-pleural adhesions, well encapsulated abscesses, large areas of dense tissue fibrous tissue.
Inflammatory states
Inflammatory states
Pass if localized-confined to single organ and it’s draining lymph node i.e. metritis
Condemn if generalized-involvement of other organs and lymph nodes indicative of septicemia or pyemia. Condemn if secondary changes like uremia.
Arthritis
Arthritis usually trauma related. If animal in good health and lesions are localized to in three joints or less, pass. If four or more joints are inflamed (2 front, 2 rear) and lesions are suppurative-condemn
Icterus-
Icterus- 3 types-hemolytic, toxic and obstructive. If discoloration is slight or carcass loses color after chilling, pass. If severe-condemn.
Liver Flukes
Liver Flukes- generally found in bile ducts. “Pipe stem livers”-calcified bile ducts. Condemn livers.
Ascariasis in Swine Ascaris suum
Ascariasis in Swine Ascaris suum- roundworms in pork. Larval form “milkspots” or white scar tissue on liver. Zoonotic disease-if more than half the liver is involved or more than 6 lesions, condemn liver. If only a few lesions, trim and pass liver.
Trininosis in swine Trichinella
Trininosis in swine Trichinella cysts cannot be seen w/ naked eye. So cook all pork thoroughly to 160 C.
Marek’s disease
Marek’s disease- herpes virus, 3 forms-condemn all 3.
Airsacculitis
Airsacculitis- unless lesions are slight and localized-condemn carcass.
Malignant lymphoma
Malignant lymphoma term for all lymphoid tumors. Involves all lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissue: always condemn-always considered malignant and generalized.
Cysticercosis
Cysticercosis caused by the beef tapeworm, Taenia saginata. The cystic form is cysticercus bovis, a.k.a. beef measles. Viable cysts in beef infect man. Lifecycle in cows: adult tapeworm in gut passes eggs from the GI tract. Cattle infected by eating contaminated feed by man. Disposition- if extensive condemn, if not, freeze carcass at 15 C for 10 days kills cysts.
Cysts commonly seen in following tissues: cheeks, heart, esophagus, diaphragm, tongue
Staph Aureus = vomiting short
Staph Aureus couple hours, nausea, vomiting, cramps, preformed enterotoxin, sliced ham and meats, custards, cream fillings
Bacillus Cereus = vomiting short
Bacillus Cereus couple hours, nausea, vomiting preformed enterotoxin, fried rice
Heavy metals minutes to one hour, nausea, vomiting, cramps, and diarrhea
Heavy metals = vomiting short
Heavy metals minutes to one hour, nausea, vomiting, cramps, and diarrhea
Salmonella (non typhoid) = vomiting short
Salmonella (non typhoid) ½ day to 3 days, scant diarrhea, cramps, fever, vomiting, poultry, eggs, cross contamination of meat
Clostridium perfringens = diarrhea
Clostridium perfringens ½ day or so, diarrhea, cramps, enterotoxin formed in vivo, meat & poultry
Bacillus cereus = diarrhea
Bacillus cereus 8 to 16 hrs, diarrhea, cramps, ? enterotoxin, meat loaf, cereals, sauces
Vibrio parahemolyticus= diarrhea
Vibrio parahemolyticus ½ day to 2 days, bloody diarrhea, fever, vomiting, ? enterotoxin, seafood
Parasites-cryptosporiduim, giardia= diarrhea
Parasites-cryptosporiduim, giardia
ETEC (toxigenic) = diarrhea
ETEC (toxigenic) 16 hrs to 2 days, diarrhea, cramps, enterotoxin, raw veggies, salads, water, cheese
EIEC (invasive) = diarrhea
EIEC (invasive) 16 hrs to 2 days, diarrhea, fever, cramps, raw veggies, salads, water, cheese
EHEC (hemorrhagic)= diarrhea
EHEC (hemorrhagic) 2 to 4 days, bloody diarrhea, cramps, cytotoxin, beef, water
Shigella = diarrhea
Shigella 1 to 2 days, bloody diarrhea, fever, cramps, food contaminated by food handler, not FBI proper
Yersinia enterocolitica= diarrhea
Yersinia enterocolitica 3 to 5 days, diarrhea, fever, cramps, enterotoxin? pork products, foods contaminated infected human or anima
Vibrio cholerae= diarrhea
Vibrio cholerae 1 to 3 days, diarrhea, vomiting, enterotoxin formed in vivo, shellfish, water or foods contaminated by infected person or contaminated environmental source
Campylobacter jejuni = diarrhea
Campylobacter jejuni 3 to 5 days, bloody diarrhea, fever, cramps, poultry, water
Dioxin
Dioxin contaminated animal feed in Belgium in 1999. Prior to recognizing its presence, the contamination spread throughout poultry products and also entered the dairy and pork cycles. Dioxin is a carcinogen that accumulates in fat.
Salmonella DT104
Salmonella DT104 is a recently emerged clone that is resistant to five major antibiotics. It was first seen in the United Kingdom in 1988 and has since been documented all over the world. Once infected and septicemic, there is only one class of antibiotic left for treatment – the fluoroquinolones. The majority of cases in humans have come from ingesting contaminated meat products.
Streptococcus iniae
Streptococcus iniae has been recovered from individuals who became septicemic after preparing fresh tilapia. The spines from these fish can cause skin breaks, allowing the fish pathogen to enter. Sequelae have included endocarditis and meningitis.
Salmonella takes turns w/ Campylobacter as being most common bacterial FBI
Salmonella takes turns w/ Campylobacter as being most common bacterial FBI
Types: typhi, paratyphi human resevoir
Cholerasuis swine adapted
Typhimurium MOST COMMON
Enteriditis in Eggs, vertical transmission
Typhimurium DT104 (resistant)
Sources: poultry, pork, raw milk, sprouts, juices, raw cheese
HIGH infective dose. FSIS and FDA ZERO TOLERANCE in RTE when detected
S. typhi and paratyphoid and produce typhoid or typhoid-like fever Type A,B,C
Acute symptoms- nausea, vomiting, cramps
Raw meats, poultry, eggs (75% of cases) dairy products.
Possible sequelaReiter’s syndrome (arthritis).
Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium botulinum
Anaerobic, Gram Pos, sporeforming
Types: A, B, E, human
Types: C, D animal
Most affected wildfowl, poultry, horses
Associated with home canning
Foodborne botulism is actually INTOXICATION
Infant botulism spores in food (honey) colonize and reproduce in gut
Signs: weakness, vertigo, DOUBLE VISION, loss of speech
Infant: constipation, LOSS HEAD CONTROL Antibiotics not recommended
Causes flaccid paralysis Results in Class 1 FDA recall
Grayanotoxin
Grayanotoxin Honey intoxication from nectar from rhododendrons
Signs: dizziness, bradycardia
Listeria monocytogenes LONG INCUBATION
Listeria monocytogenes LONG INCUBATION
Circling disease in cattle also abortion
FBI rare but HIGH CFR approx 20% highest CFR in FBI
Psychrotroph grows 4-44 degrees C, can grow in refrig like Yersinia
Gram positive-motile bacteria NON-spore forming
Hardy survives drying, freezing, heat Septicemia, meningitis, abortion,
Reservoir birds/sheep
Associated with RAW MILK, SOFT CHEESES, raw veggies, ready to eat meats, raw smoked fish. Pregnant women, immunocompromised, AIDS, cancer patient, elderly, infants should not eat raw products and Mexican style soft cheese
The incubation period is usually one to two weeks but can vary between a few days and up to 90 days.20 Feb 2018
Staphlococcus aureus = vomiting
Staphlococcus aureus 4-6 hours incubation period acute nausea, vomiting, cramping: similar to vomiting form of B. cereus. Ubiquitous, gram-positive cocci
Highly HEAT STABLE enterotoxin
Acute onset: very rapid, very small toxin dose. Foods: meat, poultry, eggs, salads.
Humans and animals are primary reservoirs
Outbreaks often due to poor food preparation and storage.
Shellfish Toxins
Caused by dinoflaggellates
Shellfish Toxins
Caused by dinoflaggellates
Paralytic shellfish poisoning Saxitoxin Alexandrium sp. 0.5- 2.0 hrs respiratory can be deadly
Diarrheic shellfish poisoning okadalic acid not fatal
Neurolytic shellfish poisoning Brevitoxin not fatal
Amensitic shellfish poisoning Domoic Acid
Nitzsia
Nitzsia
2003**The California Department of Fish and Game report a naturally occurring, deadly toxin produced by sea algae, is killing record numbers of dolphins and sea lions along California’s southern coast, the animals are being poisoned by domoic acid, a toxin produced by Nitzsia, a species of algae. Scientists speculate that the algae may be thriving on nutrients from agricultural runoff or sewage, and that weather patterns could also play a role.
Ciguatera Fish Poisoning
Dinoflagellate
Ciguatera Fish Poisoning- Dinoflagellate Gambierdicus toxicus acute (can be one hour to several) GI followed by persistent neuro signs. Subtropical/tropical. Mostly in finfish-groupers, barracudas, snappers, jacks, mackerel, triggerfish. Signs: peri-oral numbness and tingling neurosigns spreads to limbs. Reversal of sensations-coffee is cold, ice cream is hot.
Scombroid acute poisoning,
Scombroid acute poisoning, within a few hours - fish undergoes bacterial degregation after capture and free histamine is formed from histadine. Syndrome of tingling and burning sensation around the mouth, nausea, vomiting, dizziness and rash. Most cases resolve spontaneously, can use antihistamines.
Tetrodotoxin
Tetrodotoxin Pufferfish Poisoning, poison from gonads, liver, intestine and skin of pufferfish. Can cause rapid and violent death mortality approach 50%. Minutes to a half hour.
Signs: first numbness of lips and tongue 🡪headache, nausea, paralysis & death.
Mushroom Toxins
Mushroom Toxins CANNOT be made nontoxic by cooking, freezing, canning or processing.
Hepatitis A Picornovirus (enterovirus)
Hepatitis A Picornovirus (enterovirus)
Fecal/oral contamination person to person, Prisons, military
In food products. water, shellfish, salad most frequen
Norovirus
Norovirus new name for “Norwalk-like viruses” (NLV) genus Norovirus, family Caliciviridae, are a group of related RNA viruses that cause acute gastroenteritis. Incubation period is between 24 and 48 hours. Usually presents as acute-onset vomiting, watery diarrhea with cramps, and nausea. Transmitted primarily through the fecal-oral route, either by consumption of contaminated food or water or by direct person-to-person spread. Environmental and fomite contamination may also act as a source of infection. Evidence exists for transmission due to aerosolization of vomitus that presumably results in droplets contaminating surfaces or entering the oral mucosa and being swallowed. Highly contagious, and an inoculum of as few as 10 viral particles may be sufficient to infec. During outbreaks, several modes of transmission have been documented; initial foodborne transmission in a restaurant, followed by secondary person-to-person transmission to household contacts. It appears that immunity may be strain-specific and lasts only a few months; therefore, given the genetic variability of noroviruses, individuals are likely to be repeatedly infected throughout their lifetimes. CDC estimates that 23 million cases of acute gastroenteritis are due to norovirus infection, and it is now thought that at least 50% of all foodborne outbreaks of gastroenteritis can be attributed to noroviruses.
Most foodborne outbreaks of norovirus illness are likely to arise though direct contamination of food by a food handler immediately before its consumption. Outbreaks have frequently been associated with consumption of cold foods, including various salads, sandwiches, and bakery products. Food can also be contaminated at its source, and oysters from contaminated waters have been incriminatd. Raspberries and salads have been contaminated before widespread distribution and subsequently caused extensive outbreaks. Waterborne outbreaks of norovirus disease in community settings have often been caused by sewage contamination of wells and recreational water.
Giardia lamblia Protozoa
Giardia lamblia Protozoa. Dogs, cats, beavers and bears
Cysts resistant, mostly from contaminated water. More often in children, immunocompromised
Vaccine available.
Entamoeba histolytica
Entamoeba histolytica Amebiasis can last years. Signs: vague to bloody diarrhea.
Transmitted by direct contact, fecal, food, water and sexual contact; AIDS pts very vulnerable
Campylobacter jejuni
Campylobacter jejuni takes turns with Salmonella as the most bacterial common cause of infectious gastroenteritis in humans. Infection can be from a number of food products. It has been estimated that 88% of chicken carcasses are contaminated. 2-5 days post ingestion, watery diarrhea, fever, cramps, and nausea, associated with chicken/cattle. Possible sequela Guillian Barre. LOW infectious dose, Seen in water, raw milk, poultry, meat, raw cheese, RTE products, INSTITUTIONAL FOOD
E.Coli O157:H7
Four classes of enterovirulent E. coli
E.Coli O157:H7
Four classes of enterovirulent E. coli
Toxin release on cell lysis AVOID ANTIBIOTICS ***
USDA FSIS O157:H7 is ADULTERANT not naturally occurring; ZERO tolerance
for fecal material on any animal carcass
ETEC- enterotoxigenic Gastroenteritis- Travelers Diarrhea
Young children and travelers, bad GI problem most selflimiting
EPEC enteropathogenic infantile bloody diarrhea.
From raw food products, prolonged diarrhea CFR high is infants-shigella like
EIEC Enteroinvasive bacillary dysentery shigella-like, low ID, self-limiting except in infants can cause HUS. Possible human reservoir
EHEC enterohemorrhagic (O157:H7) verotoxin, shiga toxin like, severe cramping and watery bloody diarrhea. Undercooked hamburger primary cause, also raw milk. Several days to a week incubation period.
Very young get HUS Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (renal failue/hemolytic anemia)
Elderly get HUS plus fever/neurology = thrombocytotopenia purpura
Vibrio Aquatic, halophlie, think SHELLFISH
Vibrio Aquatic, halophlie, think SHELLFISH
V. cholera “rice water” stools
V. vulnificus high CFR; >50% think alcoholics eating shellfish
V. parahemolyticus raw shellfish
Methyl Mercury
Methyl Mercury EPA sets limits for sport fish, FDA sets limits for commercial fish (4-5 x higher) no rationale for difference, REC pregnant and youth not eat high-risk fish, Swordfish, shark, tuna, mackeral. Mostly ocean fish.
Shigellosis
Shigellosis common in immunocompromised, homosexuals, jails, day care, refugee camps. Fever, bloody diarrhea, normally incubation 1-3 days. Poor or absent handwashing.
Gram neg, Bacillary dysentery Low ID, human is reservoir
can produce enterotoxin and Shiga toxin (similar to verotoxin)
fecal contamination by food handlers. Reiters disease, HUS possible sequela
Cyclospora
Cyclospora- diarrhea that is a problem for immunocompromised. Coccidian parasite waterborne and people to people transmission. Food association: raspberries, basil
PSE
Pale, Soft, Exudative meat,
PSE: Pigs with pale muscle (pale exudative pork)- What should disposition be of carcass at plant? choices are: rendering, OK to eat, OK after freezing, OK for animal feed, needs microbiological testing. It’s not harmful, doesn’t need micro testing- just unappealing. You can use it in feeding. Shown to be related to muscle size, stressful pre-slaughter handling conditions and an accelerated post-mortem metabolic rate.
Proper order for slaughtering chickens:
Proper order for slaughtering chickens: stun, venisection, scald, defeather, eviscerate
Pasteurized milk process
Pasteurized milk- what bacteria are used to test for penicillin antibiotic residue? Bacillus steaphilus- test for antibiotic residue with 16 mm zone.
Bacteria cell counts of raw milk cannot exceed 100,000/ml individually or 300,000/ml co-mingled. Somatic cell counts cannot exceed 750,000/ml. Milk must be cooled to 45 degrees F within 2 hours of milking.
FDA/CFSAN-Verifying pasterization effectiveness by: salt conductivity test-it verifies time in holding tube in the HTST unit. Phosphatase inactivation.
What in pasteurized milk would cause an immediate investigation? E. coli,? Phosphatase? Answer…drug residue.
As far as phosphatase is concerned, the phosphatase test is applied to dairy products to determine whether pasteurization was done properly and also to detect the possible addition of raw milk to pasteurized milk. Inactivation of alk. phos parallels the C. Burnetti kill curve. Sensitive to 1/2000 parts raw milk.
Pasteurized milk ordinance-
Pasteurized milk ordinance- enforcement is FDA
FDA- Center For Food Safety and Nutrition (CFSAN)- Milk Safety- Interstate Milk Shipments. Activities aimed at prevention of milkborne infections, antibiotic residues, toxic chemicals and hazardous radionuclides (Iodine131 and Strontium-90)
beef quality act assurance certification program
beef quality act assurance certification program-awareness of feed ingredients and residue- TQ management. Guidelines for proper animal health product use
Chloramphenicol and vancomycin
Chloramphenicol and vancomycin- off label use of these and other drugs
Water activity- acceptable water activity in low acid items?
> .85 but < .93
Bacillus steaphilus
Bacillus steaphilus- test for antibiotic residue <16mm antibiotic zone; indicator in canned foods b/c more sensitive than botulism.
TSE’s
TSE’s The human neurologic “prion” disease, Kuru- transmission was associated with the ritual practice of eating the flesh of the dead. BSE outbreak in Great Britain: because of another TSE, Scrapie in sheep, rendered sheep carcasses, as sources of bovine ration ingredients were suspect and were immediately banned from rendering plants, worldwide. Concurrently, there were about 90 cases of Feline Spongiform Encephalopathy in domestic cats in the UK as well as in pumas, cheetahs, lions and tigers. Their beef-source diet was blamed. An unusual cluster of Variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease occurred in the UK in the 90s. Most recently, wild and captive deer and elk have shown an apparent increase in another prion disease, Chronic Wasting Disease. An immunohistochemistry test utilizing lymphoid biopsies from the third eyelid has been sanctioned for a live animal test. Specificity is felt to be close to 100%, specificity is low. Human Kuru in New Guinea has been virtually eliminated by discouraging mortuary cannibalism.
Bacillus thuringensis
Bacillus thuringensis- biological control of mosquitoes and used in another way too. BTC; BTK microbial pesticides/larvacides
Trichinella spiralis
Trichinella spiralis caused by an intestinal roundworm whose larvae migrate to the muscles and encyst there. Clinical illness in humans is highly variable and can range from inapparent to a fulminating, fatal disease, depending on the number of larvae ingested. Sudden appearance of muscle soreness/pain with edema of upper eyelids and fever are early signs. T. spiralis can be found in many species of carnivores and omnivores. Animals are infected with T. spiralis when they ingest larvae in raw or undercooked meat. Most recent outbreaks of trichinosis in the United States have been traced to pork products from pigs that have not been inspected and that have been slaughtered privately. Because of its low host-specificity, almost any “wild” meat should be considered suspect, and hunters should be careful when preparing meat. In particular, a number of infections have been traced to contaminated bear meat.
Milk and Dairy Beef Quality Assurance Program how does a farm/dairy qualify?
Milk and Dairy Beef Quality Assurance Program how does a farm/dairy qualify? The AVMA and National Milk Producers Federation developed a ten-point Milk and Dairy Beef Residue Prevention Protocol. If the protocol is properly followed, milk from treated cows will not enter the bulk tank. The points are: Practice healthy herd management. Follow good management practices related to housing, nutrition reproduction, preventive vaccines, parasite control and total mastitis control. Generally, the major cause for milk containing drugs is mastitis treatment. 2) VCPR. 3) FDA approved over-the-counter or prescription drugs w/ a vets’s guidance. 4) Make sure all drugs used for the dairy herd have labels which comply with state /fed labeling 5) Store/ administer drugs properly/identify all treated animals. 6) Maintain/ use proper treatment records on all treated animals. 7) Use drug residue screening tests. The most important area to consider when administering drugs is proper record-keeping.
Who regulates Seafood?
Who regulates Seafood? FDA- EPA and US Dept of Commerce augments.
FOODNET active surveillance run by CDC-in combo w/ FDA, USDA-FSIS.How does it obtain info?
Active surveillance through lab-confirmed cases. Interested in Salmonella, Campy, Shigella, Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia, Cylospora, Cryptosporidium, E. Coli 0157-H7, Vibrio.
FDA “danger zone” for food
41-145F
Certified pork-
freezing to 40F (-4 C) prevent Trichina
Psytrophic bacteria:
Listeria and Yersinia
Small tool sanitation:
hot water at 180F
Frozen meat-
freeze at –10 degrees F; store at 0 degrees F
Carcass storage:
88-92% humidity. >92%-slime mold; <88%-shrinkage
Chilled meat-
store at 32-35 degrees F
Ground beef cooking temp (E. Coli)
155F
Ground beef- vs Hamburger-
Ground beef- has no added fat
Hamburger- usually 80% meat, 20% fat. Definition: ground, communited beef product. fresh/frozen; 30% max fat; +/- seasoning; 25% max cheek meat; must be labeled. NO added water, phosphate, binder/extender, mechanically separated beef, post defect chopped beef, post defect chopped fatty tissue, paprika
FDA “standard of identity” means:
quantity of foods conform to standard, no ingredients used over and over those stated, no ingredients left out.
Milk Pasteurization
Milk Pasteurization
US Milk Ordinance- lacteal secretion, practically free colostrums, obtained by complete milking one or more
Max # somatic cells in raw, Grade A milk cow-750,000; goat 1,000,000/ml
Milk production reduced by subclinical infection- test- linear somatic cell count
flow diversion value- diverts milk back to raw bulk tank if temp is <161F
healthy cows, not less than 8.25% solids/not fat and not less than 3.25% milk fat
Mastitic milk- decreased fat, casein, lactase and increased protein, mineral
Mastitis can be detected by viscosity tests (California, Wisconsin, Whiteside)
Milk- added water detected by freezing point
Pastuerization temps
Pastuerized milk 40F best storage life, last 2 weeks
Pastuerization- low temp/long time 145F/ 30 minutes (Vat pasteurization)
Pastuerization- high temp/short time 161F/ 15 seconds
Pastuerization- UHT/ultrapastuerization 280F/ 2 seconds
Slaughter
STOP test - cattle slaughter – (Swab Test on Premise) often disabled, cull cows.
CAST test at slaughter of ab residues (veal calves) (Calf Antibiotic Sulfa Test)
SOS test at slaughter for swine (Sulfa on Site)
Delvo-P test bulk milk on farm for ab residues
LAST test performed by veterinarian for ab residues (Live Animal Swab Test)
Prohibited Drugs Food Animals
Chloramphenicol Clenbuterol DES Dimetridazole Iponidazole glycopeptide (vancomycin) furazolidone nitrofurazone NO extra label drugs allowed in feeds
FSIS-
meat, poultry and egg safety. Largest employer of DVM in world (1100)
FSIS Intl programs:
review foreign programs and inspect at port of entry
FSIS tools:
retention, detention, and voluntary recall
FSIS enforcement:
withhold inspection mark from adulterated product, suspend inspection if
process not under control, withdraw inspectors if process not under control, and prosecute
individuals/establishments for criminal acts.
FSIS inspection modernization:
Pathogen reduction/HACCP Final Rule, HACCP, performance standards for
Salmonella, SOP for sanitation. test for generic E. coli
Regulatory Reform:
Eliminate prior approval for blueprints, equipment and PQC; focused changed from
sanitation to performanace standards.
FSIS-Public Health focus:
reorganize Office of PH and Science, increase focus on pathogens, FoodNet active
surveillance, increase reliance on epidemiology and risk assessment.
U.S. participate in International Food Safety through Codex Alimentarius Commission
Risk Analysis
Risk Assessment: Identify hazards and describe risks (ie probability/severity)
Risk Management: Develop policy regarding risk, involves value judgement; who benefits and who loses
Risk Communication: Communication between policy makers and stakeholders (producer, processor, etc)
Irradiation:
C. jejuni and E. coli (O157:H7) most sensitive
Radappertization: 20-70 kGy destroy all organisms (sterile)
Radicidation: .01-10 kGy (pasteurization)
Radurization: 1-5 kGy destroy spoilage organisms
WHO/Codex approve food irradiation to 10 kGy
FDA considers irradiation an additive
The intensity of radiation exposure is decreased by Inverse Square of distance. (ie. at 3 x the distance then exposure is 1/9; 1 over 3 squared)
Radiation:
strong to weak: gamma (lead shield), beta (thin metal), alpha (paper, skin)
Zoonotic infections
Hampster “wet tail” may be Campylobacter
Tularemia tick borne, not in pet rabbits,
Reptiles Salmonella, highly virulent carrier may not show signs antibiotics not recommended for asymptomatic.
Pseudomonas in snakebites
1995-1996 most outbreaks microbial- Giardia and Shigella tied
RMSF is carried by Dermacenter variables
Hydatic disease- Echinococcus granulosus Host Canids Intermediate Sheep/cattle/ pigs/ rarely man
Nanophyetus salminocola “salmon poisoning “ fluke Snails (certicare) salmon (metacercaria) dogs (raw fish)
Splenectomized human bitten by dog: Capnocytophagia carnimorsus is concern
Rocket fuel Perchlorate,
Rocket fuel Perchlorate, has been found in high concentrations in winter grown lettuce from Arizona and California that has been irrigated from the Colorado River, which has been contaminated upstream from several “DOD” sites.
CAFOs- Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation
CAFOs- Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation. Giant livestock operations are corporate-controlled units where tens of thousands of animals are “produced” in factory-like settings are polluting America’s water and air. Because livestock factories produce and store large quantities of animal waste in leak-prone lagoons, America’s water is at risk. Livestock factories also pose a threat to air quality. Groundwater is frequently contaminated by factory farm pollution, generally in the form of nitrates. Nitrate pollution seeps out of manure lagoons and into community sources of drinking water. Manure contains nitrogen, which changes into nitrates in the soil. After that step, the nitrates may move through the soil and accumulate in water supplies. Drinking nitrate-contaminated water can cause “blue baby” syndrome in infants, leading to developmental deficiencies or death. In May 2000, in Walkerton, Ontario, 1,300 cases of gastrointestinal problems occurred and 6 people died from an outbreak of E.coli. The Ontario Ministry of Health determined that the likely source was cattle manure runoff from a farm adjacent to a drinking water supply well.
The major problem with feedlot waste runoff entering streams is the high Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), which decreases the 02 content of the stream and kills large numbers of fish.
Methane or Bio Gas is a useful byproduct that results from the breakdown of organic material by acid forming and methanogenic bacteria during anaerobic secondary waste treatment.
Liquid waste from feedlot detention (holding ponds) can provide beneficial nutrients to soil; however wastes must be cautiously applied b/c they may contain high levels of salt, which may be detrimental.
disinfectant formulations
The effective virucidal concentration of many disinfectant formulations has been demonstrated previously in successful decontamination programs and in laboratory studies. One need not commit the names of these compounds to memory, for representatives of three core disinfectant formulations can be used with confidence in an emergency situation against those disease agents of concern. Examples of these are sodium hypochlorite (Compound No. 1), sodium hydroxide (Compound No. 2), and substituted phenolic compounds (Compound No. 3).
Compound No. 1 Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCL) or household bleach
Compound No. 1 Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCL) or household bleach. This compound is effective against ASF, FMD, HC, SVD, and END at a concentration of 0.1 percent. In areas heavily contaminated with secretions, excretions, and soil, there is a considerable organic demand for available chlorine. Therefore, the procedure must be repeated at least once. In fact, under such conditions a 3 percent solution of NaOCL should be used. To prepare this concentration, add 3 gallons of bleach to 2 gallons of water. This concentration is effective against a variety of agents of viral diseases such as the following: African Swine Fever Pest of Small Ruminants African Horsesickness Rift Valley Fever Avian Influenza Rinderpest Bluetongue Sheep and Goat Pox Bovine Ephemeral Fever Swine Vesicular Disease Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia Exotic Newcastle Disease Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vesicular Exanthema of Swine Hog Cholera Japanese Encephalitis Lumpy Skin Disease Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Compound No. 2 Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
Compound No. 2 Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Lye has a wide viral spectrum when used at this concentration 2%. However, it has limited effect against the viruses of ASF and HC. A considerably higher concentration than 2% is required to be effective.
Compound No. 3 Substituted phenolic compound.
Compound No. 3 Substituted phenolic compound. potent virucidal activity against the viruses of ASF and HC when prepared as a 1 percent solution. Effective against the viruses of African swine fever, avian influenza, hog cholera, and Newcastle disease. These types of compounds are not effective against the viruses of FMD and SVD.
Nolvasan
Nolvasan is Not effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa or gram-positive cocci on inanimate surfaces. Nolvasan is the only EPA-registered chlorhexidine disinfectant, works against at least 60 different bacteria, fungi, yeasts,and viruses. Nolvasan is non-corrosive, has minimal to no skin irritation, and retains antimicrobial activity in the presence of organic matter. Nolvasan’s unique binding to skin proteins provides residual activity for as long as two days. Indications: For disinfection of inanimate objects to aid in control of canine distemper virus, equine influenza virus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus, hog cholera virus, parainfluenza-3 virus, bovine rhinotracheitis virus, bovine virus diarrhea virus, Newcastle virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, equine rhinopneumonitis virus, feline rhinotracheitis virus, pseudorabies virus, equine arteritis virus and canine coronavirus. For dipping teats as an aid in controlling bacteria that causes mastitis. For use in federally inspected meat, poultry, rabbit and egg establishments.
Isotopes half-life:
C-14 (5568 years)
Cesium-137 (30 years) acts like potassium
Strontium-90 (28 years) accumulates in bone.
I-131 (8 days) often in milk and milk products
Ionizing radiation comes in 3 main forms:
Alpha particles- are the slowest of the 3 types. They travel only a few inches in the air and lose energy as soon as they collide w/ anything. They are easily shielded by a piece of paper or the outer layer of a person’s skin.
Beta particles- are more energetic than alpha particles. Identical to an electron, it can travel in the air for a few feet. They may pass through a sheet of paper but are stopped by a sheet of aluminum foil/glass.
Gamma rays- gamma rays originate within the nucleus of the atom. Unlike alpha or beta particles, they are waves of pure energy and a form of an x-ray. Gamma radiation can be very penetrating and requires concrete, lead or steel to stop it.
There are several ways to measure radiation, including how much biological damage it does.
There are several ways to measure radiation, including how much biological damage it does.
Roentgen is a measure of exposure- the amount of radiation energy, in the form of gamma or X-rays, in the air.
The Rad- (radiation absorbed dose) is a measure of absorbed dose
Ionizing radiation
Ionizing radiation will reduce, and in some circumstances eliminate, pathogenic microorganisms in or on meat and poultry. FSIS therefore recognizes irradiation as an important technology for helping to ensure the safety of meat and poultry. FSIS already has listed ionizing radiation as an approved additive in pork carcasses or fresh or previously frozen cuts of pork carcasses that have not been cured or heat-processed for the control of Trichinella spiralis and as an approved additive in fresh or frozen, uncooked, packaged poultry products for the purpose of reducing pathogenic microorganisms. Ionizing radiation can significantly reduce the levels of many of the pathogenic microorganisms of concern in meat food products, including various species of Salmonella; E. coli O157:H7; Clostridium perfringens; Staphylococcus aureus; Listeria monocytogenes; Campylobacter jejuni; and the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. The radiation dose necessary to reduce the initial population of many of the bacterial pathogens by 90 percent the ``D value,’’ ranges from 0.1 kGy to just less than 1 kGy.
KGray= 1000 krads
Disinfestations (insects) 0.1-2 kGy
Radurization (reduce spoilage) 1-5 kGy
Radicidation (pasteurize: microbial decontamination) 0.1-10kGy
Radappertization (sterilization) 20-70 kGy NASA, DOD
Irradiation will inactivate
B1, Thiamin, Niacin, Riboflavin, Vit. C
water-soluble vitamins B & C: thiamine showed a 60% loss in beef and Vit C showed a 28% loss .
The fat-soluble vitamins D&K are unaffected by irradiation and A&E showed some loss
What types of irradiation are commonly used?
Cesium, cobalt, gamma
which type of radiation goes to bone?
Strontium. It concentrates itself in cow’s milk and dairy products. When consumed by children it is further concentrated as it competes with calcium for inclusion into bone tissue.
Which type of radiation used for dairy products?
None except for eggs at 3.0-13 KG
Hydrocarbons
are emitted by burning fossil fuels and from solvents and other chemicals
Carbon Dioxide-
is formed by complete combustion of fossil fuels. Important ‘greenhouse gas’ which contributes to global warming. Its major anthropogenic (i.e., man-made) sources are road transport, power stations and domestic heating. Density: heavier than air.
Ozone-
Ozone- pollutant effect of CO2 on warming of earth. Mix O2, NO2 and sunlight to form ozone. Ozone is a product of smog. Exposure inhibits clearance mechanisms.
global warming
global warming- as the ozone hole increases, it increases global warming. Decreases in the quantity of total-column ozone, tend to cause increased penetration of solar UV-B radiation to the Earth’s surface.
Air Pollutants/Toxic gases
Air Pollutants/Toxic gases
EPA sets Air Quality Standards. Legislation: Clean Air Act governs the establishment, review, and the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS). Hazardous air pollutants may reasonably be expected to cause irreversible airway disease and there is no threshold/safe level.
Carbon monoxide
Carbon monoxide incomplete combustion of fossil fuels. It is estimated road transport is responsible for 90% of all carbon monoxide emissions. Acute CO toxicosis causes rapid depression, coma, respiratory paralysis and death. Blood is bright red due to the inherent color of Carboxyhemoglobin. Lighter than air. Simple asphyxiant. Accumulates in garages, homes, livestock housing. Competes with oxygen for binding to hemoglobin
Nitrogen Dioxide
Nitrogen Dioxide Formed by fermentation of corn or other forages high in nitrate. Humans can experience chronic bronchitis or emphysema, commonly known as silo filler’s disease. Also from tailpipes. NO2 is a component of ozone. In cattle, respiratory distress and necropsy findings of atypical interstitial pneumonia.
Zinc oxide
Zinc oxide is produced during oxyacetylene cutting or arc welding of galvanized pipes. In cattle, lesions are similar: atypical interstitial pneumonia. Seen where cattle are housed next to welding activities.
Sulfur Dioxide
Sulfur Dioxide component of smokestacks; is produced when a material, or fuel, containing sulphur is burned.
Sulfuric Acid
Sulfuric Acid- sulfur dioxide plus atmospheric oxidation equals H2 SO4. Conversion can occur in power plants plumes as they move downward. Along with ozone (O3), it crosses state and Nat’l jurisdictions. * one of the most important atmospheric pollutants.
Gases from Manure Storage and Livestock Confinement
Four major gases (Ammonia, Hydrogen Sulfide, Methane, Carbon Dioxide) are associated with livestock confinement wastes.
Ammonia High nitrogen wastes, in solid or liquid storage. Voliatization is the most important pathway for on site loss of nitrogen in animal manure to air or water resources. Much of the nitrogen excreted from cattle is in the form of urea, which rapidly hydrolyzes to NH3. Density lighter to air.
Hydrogen Sulfide “rotten egg” odor. > 200 ppm cause fatigue/paralysis of olfactory receptors. Concentrations > 300 ppm in air induce pulmonary edema. Above 1000 ppm there is unconsciousness, collapse and respiratory paralysis. Density heavier than air.
Methane Odorless and lighter than air. Very flammable- explosive!
WATER Protecting the Nation’s Water Supplies.
WATER Protecting the Nation’s Water Supplies. EPA Most contaminants would need to be used in very large quantities to contaminate a large public water system thereby minimizing an actual threat. Many public water systems, particularly those serving large towns and cities, have treatment processes already in place that will deactivate many contaminants. The primary threats to the Nation’s drinking water supplies are contamination by chemical, biological or radiological agents; damage, destruction, or sabotage of physical infrastructure; and disruption to computer systems. EPA is the lead agency for the water supply sector.
