Food safety cram Flashcards

Question 1

Q

Blast freezing temp

Answer

A

Blast freezing temps- -30 to -45 C

Question 2

Q

pathology at the slaughterhouse

Answer

A

pathology at the slaughterhouse
General pathology rules: carcasses showing generalized pathological changes are condemned whereas ones showing localized lesions are passed though the affected region may be condemned.
chronic + and localized= passed i.e. Actinomycoses (lumpy jaw)
acute + localized=passed i.e. Caseous lymphadenitis
acute + generalized= condemned i.e. Erysipelas
chronic + generalized =condemned i.e. TB

Question 3

Q

Actinomycoses (lumpy jaw)/Actinobacillus (wooden jaw)

Answer

A

Actinomycoses (lumpy jaw)/Actinobacillus (wooden jaw) moderate involvement with suppuration: condemn tongue/head, extensive involvement w/ metastasis-condemn carcass

Question 4

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Lepto hemolytic icterus

Answer

A

Lepto hemolytic icterus w/ enlarged yellow liver, enlarged spleen, lymph nodes, hemogloginuria: condemn

Question 5

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Pneumonia: use generalized versus chronic.

Answer

A

Pneumonia: use generalized versus chronic. Pass if chronic and localized-pleural adhesions, well encapsulated abscesses, large areas of dense tissue fibrous tissue.

Question 6

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Inflammatory states

Answer

A

Inflammatory states
Pass if localized-confined to single organ and it’s draining lymph node i.e. metritis
Condemn if generalized-involvement of other organs and lymph nodes indicative of septicemia or pyemia. Condemn if secondary changes like uremia.

Question 7

Q

Arthritis

Answer

A

Arthritis usually trauma related. If animal in good health and lesions are localized to in three joints or less, pass. If four or more joints are inflamed (2 front, 2 rear) and lesions are suppurative-condemn

Question 8

Q

Icterus-

Answer

A

Icterus- 3 types-hemolytic, toxic and obstructive. If discoloration is slight or carcass loses color after chilling, pass. If severe-condemn.

Question 9

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Liver Flukes

Answer

A

Liver Flukes- generally found in bile ducts. “Pipe stem livers”-calcified bile ducts. Condemn livers.

Question 10

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Ascariasis in Swine Ascaris suum

Answer

A

Ascariasis in Swine Ascaris suum- roundworms in pork. Larval form “milkspots” or white scar tissue on liver. Zoonotic disease-if more than half the liver is involved or more than 6 lesions, condemn liver. If only a few lesions, trim and pass liver.

Question 11

Q

Trininosis in swine Trichinella

Answer

A

Trininosis in swine Trichinella cysts cannot be seen w/ naked eye. So cook all pork thoroughly to 160 C.

Question 12

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Marek’s disease

Answer

A

Marek’s disease- herpes virus, 3 forms-condemn all 3.

Question 13

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Airsacculitis

Answer

A

Airsacculitis- unless lesions are slight and localized-condemn carcass.

Question 14

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Malignant lymphoma

Answer

A

Malignant lymphoma term for all lymphoid tumors. Involves all lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissue: always condemn-always considered malignant and generalized.

Question 15

Q

Cysticercosis

Answer

A

Cysticercosis caused by the beef tapeworm, Taenia saginata. The cystic form is cysticercus bovis, a.k.a. beef measles. Viable cysts in beef infect man. Lifecycle in cows: adult tapeworm in gut passes eggs from the GI tract. Cattle infected by eating contaminated feed by man. Disposition- if extensive condemn, if not, freeze carcass at 15 C for 10 days kills cysts.
Cysts commonly seen in following tissues: cheeks, heart, esophagus, diaphragm, tongue

Question 16

Q

Staph Aureus = vomiting short

Answer

A

Staph Aureus couple hours, nausea, vomiting, cramps, preformed enterotoxin, sliced ham and meats, custards, cream fillings

Question 17

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Bacillus Cereus = vomiting short

Answer

A

Bacillus Cereus couple hours, nausea, vomiting preformed enterotoxin, fried rice
Heavy metals minutes to one hour, nausea, vomiting, cramps, and diarrhea

Question 18

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Heavy metals = vomiting short

Answer

A

Heavy metals minutes to one hour, nausea, vomiting, cramps, and diarrhea

Question 19

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Salmonella (non typhoid) = vomiting short

Answer

A

Salmonella (non typhoid) ½ day to 3 days, scant diarrhea, cramps, fever, vomiting, poultry, eggs, cross contamination of meat

Question 20

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Clostridium perfringens = diarrhea

Answer

A

Clostridium perfringens ½ day or so, diarrhea, cramps, enterotoxin formed in vivo, meat & poultry

Question 21

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Bacillus cereus = diarrhea

Answer

A

Bacillus cereus 8 to 16 hrs, diarrhea, cramps, ? enterotoxin, meat loaf, cereals, sauces

Question 22

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Vibrio parahemolyticus= diarrhea

Answer

A

Vibrio parahemolyticus ½ day to 2 days, bloody diarrhea, fever, vomiting, ? enterotoxin, seafood

Question 23

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Parasites-cryptosporiduim, giardia= diarrhea

Answer

A

Parasites-cryptosporiduim, giardia

Question 24

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ETEC (toxigenic) = diarrhea

Answer

A

ETEC (toxigenic) 16 hrs to 2 days, diarrhea, cramps, enterotoxin, raw veggies, salads, water, cheese

Question 25

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EIEC (invasive) = diarrhea

Answer

A

EIEC (invasive) 16 hrs to 2 days, diarrhea, fever, cramps, raw veggies, salads, water, cheese

Question 26

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EHEC (hemorrhagic)= diarrhea

Answer

A

EHEC (hemorrhagic) 2 to 4 days, bloody diarrhea, cramps, cytotoxin, beef, water

Question 27

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Shigella = diarrhea

Answer

A

Shigella 1 to 2 days, bloody diarrhea, fever, cramps, food contaminated by food handler, not FBI proper

Question 28

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Yersinia enterocolitica= diarrhea

Answer

A

Yersinia enterocolitica 3 to 5 days, diarrhea, fever, cramps, enterotoxin? pork products, foods contaminated infected human or anima

Question 29

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Vibrio cholerae= diarrhea

Answer

A

Vibrio cholerae 1 to 3 days, diarrhea, vomiting, enterotoxin formed in vivo, shellfish, water or foods contaminated by infected person or contaminated environmental source

Question 30

Q

Campylobacter jejuni = diarrhea

Answer

A

Campylobacter jejuni 3 to 5 days, bloody diarrhea, fever, cramps, poultry, water

Question 31

Q

Dioxin

Answer

A

Dioxin contaminated animal feed in Belgium in 1999. Prior to recognizing its presence, the contamination spread throughout poultry products and also entered the dairy and pork cycles. Dioxin is a carcinogen that accumulates in fat.

Question 32

Q

Salmonella DT104

Answer

A

Salmonella DT104 is a recently emerged clone that is resistant to five major antibiotics. It was first seen in the United Kingdom in 1988 and has since been documented all over the world. Once infected and septicemic, there is only one class of antibiotic left for treatment – the fluoroquinolones. The majority of cases in humans have come from ingesting contaminated meat products.

Question 33

Q

Streptococcus iniae

Answer

A

Streptococcus iniae has been recovered from individuals who became septicemic after preparing fresh tilapia. The spines from these fish can cause skin breaks, allowing the fish pathogen to enter. Sequelae have included endocarditis and meningitis.

Question 34

Q

Salmonella takes turns w/ Campylobacter as being most common bacterial FBI

Answer

A

Salmonella takes turns w/ Campylobacter as being most common bacterial FBI
Types: typhi, paratyphi human resevoir
Cholerasuis swine adapted
Typhimurium MOST COMMON
Enteriditis in Eggs, vertical transmission
Typhimurium DT104 (resistant)
Sources: poultry, pork, raw milk, sprouts, juices, raw cheese
HIGH infective dose. FSIS and FDA ZERO TOLERANCE in RTE when detected
S. typhi and paratyphoid and produce typhoid or typhoid-like fever Type A,B,C
Acute symptoms- nausea, vomiting, cramps
Raw meats, poultry, eggs (75% of cases) dairy products.
Possible sequelaReiter’s syndrome (arthritis).

Question 35

Q

Clostridium botulinum

Answer

A

Clostridium botulinum
Anaerobic, Gram Pos, sporeforming
Types: A, B, E, human
Types: C, D animal
Most affected wildfowl, poultry, horses
Associated with home canning
Foodborne botulism is actually INTOXICATION
Infant botulism spores in food (honey) colonize and reproduce in gut
Signs: weakness, vertigo, DOUBLE VISION, loss of speech
Infant: constipation, LOSS HEAD CONTROL Antibiotics not recommended
Causes flaccid paralysis Results in Class 1 FDA recall

Question 36

Q

Grayanotoxin

Answer

A

Grayanotoxin Honey intoxication from nectar from rhododendrons
Signs: dizziness, bradycardia

Question 37

Q

Listeria monocytogenes LONG INCUBATION

Answer

A

Listeria monocytogenes LONG INCUBATION
Circling disease in cattle also abortion
FBI rare but HIGH CFR approx 20% highest CFR in FBI
Psychrotroph grows 4-44 degrees C, can grow in refrig like Yersinia
Gram positive-motile bacteria NON-spore forming
Hardy survives drying, freezing, heat Septicemia, meningitis, abortion,
Reservoir birds/sheep
Associated with RAW MILK, SOFT CHEESES, raw veggies, ready to eat meats, raw smoked fish. Pregnant women, immunocompromised, AIDS, cancer patient, elderly, infants should not eat raw products and Mexican style soft cheese
The incubation period is usually one to two weeks but can vary between a few days and up to 90 days.20 Feb 2018

Question 38

Q

Staphlococcus aureus = vomiting

Answer

A

Staphlococcus aureus 4-6 hours incubation period acute nausea, vomiting, cramping: similar to vomiting form of B. cereus. Ubiquitous, gram-positive cocci
Highly HEAT STABLE enterotoxin
Acute onset: very rapid, very small toxin dose. Foods: meat, poultry, eggs, salads.
Humans and animals are primary reservoirs
Outbreaks often due to poor food preparation and storage.

Question 39

Q

Shellfish Toxins

Caused by dinoflaggellates

Answer

A

Shellfish Toxins
Caused by dinoflaggellates
Paralytic shellfish poisoning Saxitoxin Alexandrium sp. 0.5- 2.0 hrs respiratory can be deadly
Diarrheic shellfish poisoning okadalic acid not fatal
Neurolytic shellfish poisoning Brevitoxin not fatal
Amensitic shellfish poisoning Domoic Acid

Question 40

Q

Nitzsia

Answer

A

Nitzsia
2003**The California Department of Fish and Game report a naturally occurring, deadly toxin produced by sea algae, is killing record numbers of dolphins and sea lions along California’s southern coast, the animals are being poisoned by domoic acid, a toxin produced by Nitzsia, a species of algae. Scientists speculate that the algae may be thriving on nutrients from agricultural runoff or sewage, and that weather patterns could also play a role.

Question 41

Q

Ciguatera Fish Poisoning

Dinoflagellate

Answer

A

Ciguatera Fish Poisoning- Dinoflagellate Gambierdicus toxicus acute (can be one hour to several) GI followed by persistent neuro signs. Subtropical/tropical. Mostly in finfish-groupers, barracudas, snappers, jacks, mackerel, triggerfish. Signs: peri-oral numbness and tingling neurosigns spreads to limbs. Reversal of sensations-coffee is cold, ice cream is hot.

Question 42

Q

Scombroid acute poisoning,

Answer

A

Scombroid acute poisoning, within a few hours - fish undergoes bacterial degregation after capture and free histamine is formed from histadine. Syndrome of tingling and burning sensation around the mouth, nausea, vomiting, dizziness and rash. Most cases resolve spontaneously, can use antihistamines.

Question 43

Q

Tetrodotoxin

Answer

A

Tetrodotoxin Pufferfish Poisoning, poison from gonads, liver, intestine and skin of pufferfish. Can cause rapid and violent death mortality approach 50%. Minutes to a half hour.
Signs: first numbness of lips and tongue 🡪headache, nausea, paralysis & death.

Question 44

Q

Mushroom Toxins

Answer

A

Mushroom Toxins CANNOT be made nontoxic by cooking, freezing, canning or processing.

Question 45

Q

Hepatitis A Picornovirus (enterovirus)

Answer

A

Hepatitis A Picornovirus (enterovirus)
Fecal/oral contamination person to person, Prisons, military
In food products. water, shellfish, salad most frequen

Question 46

Q

Norovirus

Answer

A

Norovirus new name for “Norwalk-like viruses” (NLV) genus Norovirus, family Caliciviridae, are a group of related RNA viruses that cause acute gastroenteritis. Incubation period is between 24 and 48 hours. Usually presents as acute-onset vomiting, watery diarrhea with cramps, and nausea. Transmitted primarily through the fecal-oral route, either by consumption of contaminated food or water or by direct person-to-person spread. Environmental and fomite contamination may also act as a source of infection. Evidence exists for transmission due to aerosolization of vomitus that presumably results in droplets contaminating surfaces or entering the oral mucosa and being swallowed. Highly contagious, and an inoculum of as few as 10 viral particles may be sufficient to infec. During outbreaks, several modes of transmission have been documented; initial foodborne transmission in a restaurant, followed by secondary person-to-person transmission to household contacts. It appears that immunity may be strain-specific and lasts only a few months; therefore, given the genetic variability of noroviruses, individuals are likely to be repeatedly infected throughout their lifetimes. CDC estimates that 23 million cases of acute gastroenteritis are due to norovirus infection, and it is now thought that at least 50% of all foodborne outbreaks of gastroenteritis can be attributed to noroviruses.
Most foodborne outbreaks of norovirus illness are likely to arise though direct contamination of food by a food handler immediately before its consumption. Outbreaks have frequently been associated with consumption of cold foods, including various salads, sandwiches, and bakery products. Food can also be contaminated at its source, and oysters from contaminated waters have been incriminatd. Raspberries and salads have been contaminated before widespread distribution and subsequently caused extensive outbreaks. Waterborne outbreaks of norovirus disease in community settings have often been caused by sewage contamination of wells and recreational water.

Question 47

Q

Giardia lamblia Protozoa

Answer

A

Giardia lamblia Protozoa. Dogs, cats, beavers and bears
Cysts resistant, mostly from contaminated water. More often in children, immunocompromised
Vaccine available.

Question 48

Q

Entamoeba histolytica

Answer

A

Entamoeba histolytica Amebiasis can last years. Signs: vague to bloody diarrhea.
Transmitted by direct contact, fecal, food, water and sexual contact; AIDS pts very vulnerable

Question 49

Q

Campylobacter jejuni

Answer

A

Campylobacter jejuni takes turns with Salmonella as the most bacterial common cause of infectious gastroenteritis in humans. Infection can be from a number of food products. It has been estimated that 88% of chicken carcasses are contaminated. 2-5 days post ingestion, watery diarrhea, fever, cramps, and nausea, associated with chicken/cattle. Possible sequela Guillian Barre. LOW infectious dose, Seen in water, raw milk, poultry, meat, raw cheese, RTE products, INSTITUTIONAL FOOD

Question 50

Q

E.Coli O157:H7

Four classes of enterovirulent E. coli

Answer

A

E.Coli O157:H7
Four classes of enterovirulent E. coli
Toxin release on cell lysis AVOID ANTIBIOTICS ***
USDA FSIS O157:H7 is ADULTERANT not naturally occurring; ZERO tolerance
for fecal material on any animal carcass
ETEC- enterotoxigenic Gastroenteritis- Travelers Diarrhea
Young children and travelers, bad GI problem most selflimiting
EPEC enteropathogenic infantile bloody diarrhea.
From raw food products, prolonged diarrhea CFR high is infants-shigella like
EIEC Enteroinvasive bacillary dysentery shigella-like, low ID, self-limiting except in infants can cause HUS. Possible human reservoir
EHEC enterohemorrhagic (O157:H7) verotoxin, shiga toxin like, severe cramping and watery bloody diarrhea. Undercooked hamburger primary cause, also raw milk. Several days to a week incubation period.
Very young get HUS Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (renal failue/hemolytic anemia)
Elderly get HUS plus fever/neurology = thrombocytotopenia purpura

Question 51

Q

Vibrio Aquatic, halophlie, think SHELLFISH

Answer

A

Vibrio Aquatic, halophlie, think SHELLFISH
V. cholera “rice water” stools
V. vulnificus high CFR; >50% think alcoholics eating shellfish
V. parahemolyticus raw shellfish

Question 52

Q

Methyl Mercury

Answer

A

Methyl Mercury EPA sets limits for sport fish, FDA sets limits for commercial fish (4-5 x higher) no rationale for difference, REC pregnant and youth not eat high-risk fish, Swordfish, shark, tuna, mackeral. Mostly ocean fish.

Question 53

Q

Shigellosis

Answer

A

Shigellosis common in immunocompromised, homosexuals, jails, day care, refugee camps. Fever, bloody diarrhea, normally incubation 1-3 days. Poor or absent handwashing.
Gram neg, Bacillary dysentery Low ID, human is reservoir
can produce enterotoxin and Shiga toxin (similar to verotoxin)
fecal contamination by food handlers. Reiters disease, HUS possible sequela

Question 54

Q

Cyclospora

Answer

A

Cyclospora- diarrhea that is a problem for immunocompromised. Coccidian parasite waterborne and people to people transmission. Food association: raspberries, basil

Question 55

Q

PSE

Pale, Soft, Exudative meat,

Answer

A

PSE: Pigs with pale muscle (pale exudative pork)- What should disposition be of carcass at plant? choices are: rendering, OK to eat, OK after freezing, OK for animal feed, needs microbiological testing. It’s not harmful, doesn’t need micro testing- just unappealing. You can use it in feeding. Shown to be related to muscle size, stressful pre-slaughter handling conditions and an accelerated post-mortem metabolic rate.

Question 56

Q

Proper order for slaughtering chickens:

Answer

A

Proper order for slaughtering chickens: stun, venisection, scald, defeather, eviscerate

Question 57

Q

Pasteurized milk process

Answer

A

Pasteurized milk- what bacteria are used to test for penicillin antibiotic residue? Bacillus steaphilus- test for antibiotic residue with 16 mm zone.
Bacteria cell counts of raw milk cannot exceed 100,000/ml individually or 300,000/ml co-mingled. Somatic cell counts cannot exceed 750,000/ml. Milk must be cooled to 45 degrees F within 2 hours of milking.
FDA/CFSAN-Verifying pasterization effectiveness by: salt conductivity test-it verifies time in holding tube in the HTST unit. Phosphatase inactivation.
What in pasteurized milk would cause an immediate investigation? E. coli,? Phosphatase? Answer…drug residue.
As far as phosphatase is concerned, the phosphatase test is applied to dairy products to determine whether pasteurization was done properly and also to detect the possible addition of raw milk to pasteurized milk. Inactivation of alk. phos parallels the C. Burnetti kill curve. Sensitive to 1/2000 parts raw milk.

Question 58

Q

Pasteurized milk ordinance-

Answer

A

Pasteurized milk ordinance- enforcement is FDA
FDA- Center For Food Safety and Nutrition (CFSAN)- Milk Safety- Interstate Milk Shipments. Activities aimed at prevention of milkborne infections, antibiotic residues, toxic chemicals and hazardous radionuclides (Iodine131 and Strontium-90)

Question 59

Q

beef quality act assurance certification program

Answer

A

beef quality act assurance certification program-awareness of feed ingredients and residue- TQ management. Guidelines for proper animal health product use

Question 60

Q

Chloramphenicol and vancomycin

Answer

A

Chloramphenicol and vancomycin- off label use of these and other drugs

Question 61

Q

Water activity- acceptable water activity in low acid items?

Answer

A

> .85 but < .93

Question 62

Q

Bacillus steaphilus

Answer

A

Bacillus steaphilus- test for antibiotic residue <16mm antibiotic zone; indicator in canned foods b/c more sensitive than botulism.

Question 63

Q

TSE’s

Answer

A

TSE’s The human neurologic “prion” disease, Kuru- transmission was associated with the ritual practice of eating the flesh of the dead. BSE outbreak in Great Britain: because of another TSE, Scrapie in sheep, rendered sheep carcasses, as sources of bovine ration ingredients were suspect and were immediately banned from rendering plants, worldwide. Concurrently, there were about 90 cases of Feline Spongiform Encephalopathy in domestic cats in the UK as well as in pumas, cheetahs, lions and tigers. Their beef-source diet was blamed. An unusual cluster of Variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease occurred in the UK in the 90s. Most recently, wild and captive deer and elk have shown an apparent increase in another prion disease, Chronic Wasting Disease. An immunohistochemistry test utilizing lymphoid biopsies from the third eyelid has been sanctioned for a live animal test. Specificity is felt to be close to 100%, specificity is low. Human Kuru in New Guinea has been virtually eliminated by discouraging mortuary cannibalism.

Question 64

Q

Bacillus thuringensis

Answer

A

Bacillus thuringensis- biological control of mosquitoes and used in another way too. BTC; BTK microbial pesticides/larvacides

Answer 65

A

Trichinella spiralis caused by an intestinal roundworm whose larvae migrate to the muscles and encyst there. Clinical illness in humans is highly variable and can range from inapparent to a fulminating, fatal disease, depending on the number of larvae ingested. Sudden appearance of muscle soreness/pain with edema of upper eyelids and fever are early signs. T. spiralis can be found in many species of carnivores and omnivores. Animals are infected with T. spiralis when they ingest larvae in raw or undercooked meat. Most recent outbreaks of trichinosis in the United States have been traced to pork products from pigs that have not been inspected and that have been slaughtered privately. Because of its low host-specificity, almost any “wild” meat should be considered suspect, and hunters should be careful when preparing meat. In particular, a number of infections have been traced to contaminated bear meat.

Answer 66

A

Milk and Dairy Beef Quality Assurance Program how does a farm/dairy qualify? The AVMA and National Milk Producers Federation developed a ten-point Milk and Dairy Beef Residue Prevention Protocol. If the protocol is properly followed, milk from treated cows will not enter the bulk tank. The points are: Practice healthy herd management. Follow good management practices related to housing, nutrition reproduction, preventive vaccines, parasite control and total mastitis control. Generally, the major cause for milk containing drugs is mastitis treatment. 2) VCPR. 3) FDA approved over-the-counter or prescription drugs w/ a vets’s guidance. 4) Make sure all drugs used for the dairy herd have labels which comply with state /fed labeling 5) Store/ administer drugs properly/identify all treated animals. 6) Maintain/ use proper treatment records on all treated animals. 7) Use drug residue screening tests. The most important area to consider when administering drugs is proper record-keeping.

Answer 67

A

Who regulates Seafood? FDA- EPA and US Dept of Commerce augments.

Answer 68

A

Active surveillance through lab-confirmed cases. Interested in Salmonella, Campy, Shigella, Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia, Cylospora, Cryptosporidium, E. Coli 0157-H7, Vibrio.

Answer 69

A

freezing to 40F (-4 C) prevent Trichina

Answer 70

A

Listeria and Yersinia

Answer 71

A

hot water at 180F

Answer 72

A

freeze at –10 degrees F; store at 0 degrees F

Answer 73

A

88-92% humidity. >92%-slime mold; <88%-shrinkage

Answer 74

A

store at 32-35 degrees F

Answer 75

A

Ground beef- has no added fat
Hamburger- usually 80% meat, 20% fat. Definition: ground, communited beef product. fresh/frozen; 30% max fat; +/- seasoning; 25% max cheek meat; must be labeled. NO added water, phosphate, binder/extender, mechanically separated beef, post defect chopped beef, post defect chopped fatty tissue, paprika

Answer 76

A

quantity of foods conform to standard, no ingredients used over and over those stated, no ingredients left out.

Answer 77

A

Milk Pasteurization
US Milk Ordinance- lacteal secretion, practically free colostrums, obtained by complete milking one or more
Max # somatic cells in raw, Grade A milk cow-750,000; goat 1,000,000/ml
Milk production reduced by subclinical infection- test- linear somatic cell count
flow diversion value- diverts milk back to raw bulk tank if temp is <161F
healthy cows, not less than 8.25% solids/not fat and not less than 3.25% milk fat
Mastitic milk- decreased fat, casein, lactase and increased protein, mineral
Mastitis can be detected by viscosity tests (California, Wisconsin, Whiteside)
Milk- added water detected by freezing point

Answer 78

A

Pastuerized milk 40F best storage life, last 2 weeks
Pastuerization- low temp/long time 145F/ 30 minutes (Vat pasteurization)
Pastuerization- high temp/short time 161F/ 15 seconds
Pastuerization- UHT/ultrapastuerization 280F/ 2 seconds

Answer 79

A

STOP test - cattle slaughter – (Swab Test on Premise) often disabled, cull cows.
CAST test at slaughter of ab residues (veal calves) (Calf Antibiotic Sulfa Test)
SOS test at slaughter for swine (Sulfa on Site)
Delvo-P test bulk milk on farm for ab residues
LAST test performed by veterinarian for ab residues (Live Animal Swab Test)

Answer 80

A

Chloramphenicol
Clenbuterol
DES
Dimetridazole
Iponidazole
glycopeptide (vancomycin)
furazolidone
nitrofurazone
NO extra label drugs allowed in feeds

Answer 81

A

meat, poultry and egg safety. Largest employer of DVM in world (1100)

Answer 82

A

review foreign programs and inspect at port of entry

Answer 83

A

retention, detention, and voluntary recall

Answer 84

A

withhold inspection mark from adulterated product, suspend inspection if
process not under control, withdraw inspectors if process not under control, and prosecute
individuals/establishments for criminal acts.

Answer 85

A

Pathogen reduction/HACCP Final Rule, HACCP, performance standards for
Salmonella, SOP for sanitation. test for generic E. coli

Answer 86

A

Eliminate prior approval for blueprints, equipment and PQC; focused changed from
sanitation to performanace standards.

Answer 87

A

reorganize Office of PH and Science, increase focus on pathogens, FoodNet active
surveillance, increase reliance on epidemiology and risk assessment.
U.S. participate in International Food Safety through Codex Alimentarius Commission

Answer 88

A

Risk Assessment: Identify hazards and describe risks (ie probability/severity)
Risk Management: Develop policy regarding risk, involves value judgement; who benefits and who loses
Risk Communication: Communication between policy makers and stakeholders (producer, processor, etc)

Answer 89

A

C. jejuni and E. coli (O157:H7) most sensitive
Radappertization: 20-70 kGy destroy all organisms (sterile)
Radicidation: .01-10 kGy (pasteurization)
Radurization: 1-5 kGy destroy spoilage organisms
WHO/Codex approve food irradiation to 10 kGy
FDA considers irradiation an additive
The intensity of radiation exposure is decreased by Inverse Square of distance. (ie. at 3 x the distance then exposure is 1/9; 1 over 3 squared)

Answer 90

A

strong to weak: gamma (lead shield), beta (thin metal), alpha (paper, skin)

Answer 91

A

Hampster “wet tail” may be Campylobacter
Tularemia tick borne, not in pet rabbits,
Reptiles Salmonella, highly virulent carrier may not show signs antibiotics not recommended for asymptomatic.
Pseudomonas in snakebites
1995-1996 most outbreaks microbial- Giardia and Shigella tied
RMSF is carried by Dermacenter variables
Hydatic disease- Echinococcus granulosus Host Canids Intermediate Sheep/cattle/ pigs/ rarely man
Nanophyetus salminocola “salmon poisoning “ fluke Snails (certicare) salmon (metacercaria) dogs (raw fish)
Splenectomized human bitten by dog: Capnocytophagia carnimorsus is concern

Answer 92

A

Rocket fuel Perchlorate, has been found in high concentrations in winter grown lettuce from Arizona and California that has been irrigated from the Colorado River, which has been contaminated upstream from several “DOD” sites.

Answer 93

A

CAFOs- Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation. Giant livestock operations are corporate-controlled units where tens of thousands of animals are “produced” in factory-like settings are polluting America’s water and air. Because livestock factories produce and store large quantities of animal waste in leak-prone lagoons, America’s water is at risk. Livestock factories also pose a threat to air quality. Groundwater is frequently contaminated by factory farm pollution, generally in the form of nitrates. Nitrate pollution seeps out of manure lagoons and into community sources of drinking water. Manure contains nitrogen, which changes into nitrates in the soil. After that step, the nitrates may move through the soil and accumulate in water supplies. Drinking nitrate-contaminated water can cause “blue baby” syndrome in infants, leading to developmental deficiencies or death. In May 2000, in Walkerton, Ontario, 1,300 cases of gastrointestinal problems occurred and 6 people died from an outbreak of E.coli. The Ontario Ministry of Health determined that the likely source was cattle manure runoff from a farm adjacent to a drinking water supply well.
The major problem with feedlot waste runoff entering streams is the high Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), which decreases the 02 content of the stream and kills large numbers of fish.
Methane or Bio Gas is a useful byproduct that results from the breakdown of organic material by acid forming and methanogenic bacteria during anaerobic secondary waste treatment.
Liquid waste from feedlot detention (holding ponds) can provide beneficial nutrients to soil; however wastes must be cautiously applied b/c they may contain high levels of salt, which may be detrimental.

Answer 94

A

The effective virucidal concentration of many disinfectant formulations has been demonstrated previously in successful decontamination programs and in laboratory studies. One need not commit the names of these compounds to memory, for representatives of three core disinfectant formulations can be used with confidence in an emergency situation against those disease agents of concern. Examples of these are sodium hypochlorite (Compound No. 1), sodium hydroxide (Compound No. 2), and substituted phenolic compounds (Compound No. 3).

Answer 95

A

Compound No. 1 Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCL) or household bleach.  This compound is effective against ASF, FMD, HC, SVD, and END at a concentration of 0.1 percent. In areas heavily contaminated with secretions, excretions, and soil, there is a considerable organic demand for available chlorine. Therefore, the procedure must be repeated at least once. In fact, under such conditions a 3 percent solution of NaOCL should be used. To prepare this concentration, add 3 gallons of bleach to 2 gallons of water. This concentration is effective against a variety of agents of viral diseases such as the following: 
African Swine Fever
Pest of Small Ruminants
African Horsesickness
Rift Valley Fever
Avian Influenza
Rinderpest
Bluetongue
Sheep and Goat Pox
Bovine Ephemeral Fever
Swine Vesicular Disease
Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia
Exotic Newcastle Disease
Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia
Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis
Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Vesicular Exanthema of Swine
Hog Cholera
Japanese Encephalitis
Lumpy Skin Disease
Malignant Catarrhal Fever

Answer 96

A

Compound No. 2 Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Lye has a wide viral spectrum when used at this concentration 2%. However, it has limited effect against the viruses of ASF and HC. A considerably higher concentration than 2% is required to be effective.

Answer 97

A

Compound No. 3 Substituted phenolic compound. potent virucidal activity against the viruses of ASF and HC when prepared as a 1 percent solution. Effective against the viruses of African swine fever, avian influenza, hog cholera, and Newcastle disease. These types of compounds are not effective against the viruses of FMD and SVD.

Answer 98

A

Nolvasan is Not effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa or gram-positive cocci on inanimate surfaces. Nolvasan is the only EPA-registered chlorhexidine disinfectant, works against at least 60 different bacteria, fungi, yeasts,and viruses. Nolvasan is non-corrosive, has minimal to no skin irritation, and retains antimicrobial activity in the presence of organic matter. Nolvasan’s unique binding to skin proteins provides residual activity for as long as two days. Indications: For disinfection of inanimate objects to aid in control of canine distemper virus, equine influenza virus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus, hog cholera virus, parainfluenza-3 virus, bovine rhinotracheitis virus, bovine virus diarrhea virus, Newcastle virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, equine rhinopneumonitis virus, feline rhinotracheitis virus, pseudorabies virus, equine arteritis virus and canine coronavirus. For dipping teats as an aid in controlling bacteria that causes mastitis. For use in federally inspected meat, poultry, rabbit and egg establishments.

Answer 99

A

C-14 (5568 years)
Cesium-137 (30 years) acts like potassium
Strontium-90 (28 years) accumulates in bone.
I-131 (8 days) often in milk and milk products

Answer 100

A

Alpha particles- are the slowest of the 3 types. They travel only a few inches in the air and lose energy as soon as they collide w/ anything. They are easily shielded by a piece of paper or the outer layer of a person’s skin.
Beta particles- are more energetic than alpha particles. Identical to an electron, it can travel in the air for a few feet. They may pass through a sheet of paper but are stopped by a sheet of aluminum foil/glass.
Gamma rays- gamma rays originate within the nucleus of the atom. Unlike alpha or beta particles, they are waves of pure energy and a form of an x-ray. Gamma radiation can be very penetrating and requires concrete, lead or steel to stop it.

Answer 101

A

There are several ways to measure radiation, including how much biological damage it does.
Roentgen is a measure of exposure- the amount of radiation energy, in the form of gamma or X-rays, in the air.
The Rad- (radiation absorbed dose) is a measure of absorbed dose

Answer 102

A

Ionizing radiation will reduce, and in some circumstances eliminate, pathogenic microorganisms in or on meat and poultry. FSIS therefore recognizes irradiation as an important technology for helping to ensure the safety of meat and poultry. FSIS already has listed ionizing radiation as an approved additive in pork carcasses or fresh or previously frozen cuts of pork carcasses that have not been cured or heat-processed for the control of Trichinella spiralis and as an approved additive in fresh or frozen, uncooked, packaged poultry products for the purpose of reducing pathogenic microorganisms. Ionizing radiation can significantly reduce the levels of many of the pathogenic microorganisms of concern in meat food products, including various species of Salmonella; E. coli O157:H7; Clostridium perfringens; Staphylococcus aureus; Listeria monocytogenes; Campylobacter jejuni; and the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. The radiation dose necessary to reduce the initial population of many of the bacterial pathogens by 90 percent the ``D value,’’ ranges from 0.1 kGy to just less than 1 kGy.

Answer 103

A

Disinfestations (insects) 0.1-2 kGy
Radurization (reduce spoilage) 1-5 kGy
Radicidation (pasteurize: microbial decontamination) 0.1-10kGy
Radappertization (sterilization) 20-70 kGy NASA, DOD

Answer 104

A

B1, Thiamin, Niacin, Riboflavin, Vit. C

water-soluble vitamins B & C: thiamine showed a 60% loss in beef and Vit C showed a 28% loss .

The fat-soluble vitamins D&K are unaffected by irradiation and A&E showed some loss

Answer 105

A

Cesium, cobalt, gamma

Answer 106

A

Strontium. It concentrates itself in cow’s milk and dairy products. When consumed by children it is further concentrated as it competes with calcium for inclusion into bone tissue.

Answer 107

A

None except for eggs at 3.0-13 KG

Answer 108

A

are emitted by burning fossil fuels and from solvents and other chemicals

Answer 109

A

is formed by complete combustion of fossil fuels. Important ‘greenhouse gas’ which contributes to global warming. Its major anthropogenic (i.e., man-made) sources are road transport, power stations and domestic heating. Density: heavier than air.

Answer 110

A

Ozone- pollutant effect of CO2 on warming of earth. Mix O2, NO2 and sunlight to form ozone. Ozone is a product of smog. Exposure inhibits clearance mechanisms.

Answer 111

A

global warming- as the ozone hole increases, it increases global warming. Decreases in the quantity of total-column ozone, tend to cause increased penetration of solar UV-B radiation to the Earth’s surface.

Answer 112

A

Air Pollutants/Toxic gases
EPA sets Air Quality Standards. Legislation: Clean Air Act governs the establishment, review, and the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS). Hazardous air pollutants may reasonably be expected to cause irreversible airway disease and there is no threshold/safe level.

Answer 113

A

Carbon monoxide incomplete combustion of fossil fuels. It is estimated road transport is responsible for 90% of all carbon monoxide emissions. Acute CO toxicosis causes rapid depression, coma, respiratory paralysis and death. Blood is bright red due to the inherent color of Carboxyhemoglobin. Lighter than air. Simple asphyxiant. Accumulates in garages, homes, livestock housing. Competes with oxygen for binding to hemoglobin

Answer 114

A

Nitrogen Dioxide Formed by fermentation of corn or other forages high in nitrate. Humans can experience chronic bronchitis or emphysema, commonly known as silo filler’s disease. Also from tailpipes. NO2 is a component of ozone. In cattle, respiratory distress and necropsy findings of atypical interstitial pneumonia.

Answer 115

A

Zinc oxide is produced during oxyacetylene cutting or arc welding of galvanized pipes. In cattle, lesions are similar: atypical interstitial pneumonia. Seen where cattle are housed next to welding activities.

Answer 116

A

Sulfur Dioxide component of smokestacks; is produced when a material, or fuel, containing sulphur is burned.

Answer 117

A

Sulfuric Acid- sulfur dioxide plus atmospheric oxidation equals H2 SO4. Conversion can occur in power plants plumes as they move downward. Along with ozone (O3), it crosses state and Nat’l jurisdictions. * one of the most important atmospheric pollutants.

Answer 118

A

Four major gases (Ammonia, Hydrogen Sulfide, Methane, Carbon Dioxide) are associated with livestock confinement wastes.
Ammonia High nitrogen wastes, in solid or liquid storage. Voliatization is the most important pathway for on site loss of nitrogen in animal manure to air or water resources. Much of the nitrogen excreted from cattle is in the form of urea, which rapidly hydrolyzes to NH3. Density lighter to air.
Hydrogen Sulfide “rotten egg” odor. > 200 ppm cause fatigue/paralysis of olfactory receptors. Concentrations > 300 ppm in air induce pulmonary edema. Above 1000 ppm there is unconsciousness, collapse and respiratory paralysis. Density heavier than air.
Methane Odorless and lighter than air. Very flammable- explosive!

Answer 119

A

WATER Protecting the Nation’s Water Supplies. EPA Most contaminants would need to be used in very large quantities to contaminate a large public water system thereby minimizing an actual threat. Many public water systems, particularly those serving large towns and cities, have treatment processes already in place that will deactivate many contaminants. The primary threats to the Nation’s drinking water supplies are contamination by chemical, biological or radiological agents; damage, destruction, or sabotage of physical infrastructure; and disruption to computer systems. EPA is the lead agency for the water supply sector.

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