Food safety cram Flashcards

Question

EIEC (invasive) = diarrhea

Answer 1

EIEC (invasive) 16 hrs to 2 days, diarrhea, fever, cramps, raw veggies, salads, water, cheese

Answer 2

EHEC (hemorrhagic) 2 to 4 days, bloody diarrhea, cramps, cytotoxin, beef, water

Answer 3

Shigella 1 to 2 days, bloody diarrhea, fever, cramps, food contaminated by food handler, not FBI proper

Answer 4

Yersinia enterocolitica 3 to 5 days, diarrhea, fever, cramps, enterotoxin? pork products, foods contaminated infected human or anima

Answer 5

Vibrio cholerae 1 to 3 days, diarrhea, vomiting, enterotoxin formed in vivo, shellfish, water or foods contaminated by infected person or contaminated environmental source

Answer 6

Campylobacter jejuni 3 to 5 days, bloody diarrhea, fever, cramps, poultry, water

Answer 7

Dioxin contaminated animal feed in Belgium in 1999. Prior to recognizing its presence, the contamination spread throughout poultry products and also entered the dairy and pork cycles. Dioxin is a carcinogen that accumulates in fat.

Answer 8

Salmonella DT104 is a recently emerged clone that is resistant to five major antibiotics. It was first seen in the United Kingdom in 1988 and has since been documented all over the world. Once infected and septicemic, there is only one class of antibiotic left for treatment – the fluoroquinolones. The majority of cases in humans have come from ingesting contaminated meat products.

Answer 9

Streptococcus iniae has been recovered from individuals who became septicemic after preparing fresh tilapia. The spines from these fish can cause skin breaks, allowing the fish pathogen to enter. Sequelae have included endocarditis and meningitis.

Answer 10

Salmonella takes turns w/ Campylobacter as being most common bacterial FBI Types: typhi, paratyphi human resevoir Cholerasuis swine adapted Typhimurium MOST COMMON Enteriditis in Eggs, vertical transmission Typhimurium DT104 (resistant) Sources: poultry, pork, raw milk, sprouts, juices, raw cheese HIGH infective dose. FSIS and FDA ZERO TOLERANCE in RTE when detected S. typhi and paratyphoid and produce typhoid or typhoid-like fever Type A,B,C Acute symptoms- nausea, vomiting, cramps Raw meats, poultry, eggs (75% of cases) dairy products. Possible sequelaReiter’s syndrome (arthritis).

Answer 11

Clostridium botulinum Anaerobic, Gram Pos, sporeforming Types: A, B, E, human Types: C, D animal Most affected wildfowl, poultry, horses Associated with home canning Foodborne botulism is actually INTOXICATION Infant botulism spores in food (honey) colonize and reproduce in gut Signs: weakness, vertigo, DOUBLE VISION, loss of speech Infant: constipation, LOSS HEAD CONTROL Antibiotics not recommended Causes flaccid paralysis Results in Class 1 FDA recall

Answer 12

Grayanotoxin Honey intoxication from nectar from rhododendrons Signs: dizziness, bradycardia

Answer 13

Listeria monocytogenes LONG INCUBATION Circling disease in cattle also abortion FBI rare but HIGH CFR approx 20% highest CFR in FBI Psychrotroph grows 4-44 degrees C, can grow in refrig like Yersinia Gram positive-motile bacteria NON-spore forming Hardy survives drying, freezing, heat Septicemia, meningitis, abortion, Reservoir birds/sheep Associated with RAW MILK, SOFT CHEESES, raw veggies, ready to eat meats, raw smoked fish. Pregnant women, immunocompromised, AIDS, cancer patient, elderly, infants should not eat raw products and Mexican style soft cheese The incubation period is usually one to two weeks but can vary between a few days and up to 90 days.20 Feb 2018

Answer 14

Staphlococcus aureus 4-6 hours incubation period acute nausea, vomiting, cramping: similar to vomiting form of B. cereus. Ubiquitous, gram-positive cocci Highly HEAT STABLE enterotoxin Acute onset: very rapid, very small toxin dose. Foods: meat, poultry, eggs, salads. Humans and animals are primary reservoirs Outbreaks often due to poor food preparation and storage.

Answer 15

Shellfish Toxins Caused by dinoflaggellates Paralytic shellfish poisoning Saxitoxin Alexandrium sp. 0.5- 2.0 hrs respiratory can be deadly Diarrheic shellfish poisoning okadalic acid not fatal Neurolytic shellfish poisoning Brevitoxin not fatal Amensitic shellfish poisoning Domoic Acid

Answer 16

Nitzsia 2003**The California Department of Fish and Game report a naturally occurring, deadly toxin produced by sea algae, is killing record numbers of dolphins and sea lions along California's southern coast, the animals are being poisoned by domoic acid, a toxin produced by Nitzsia, a species of algae. Scientists speculate that the algae may be thriving on nutrients from agricultural runoff or sewage, and that weather patterns could also play a role.

Answer 17

Ciguatera Fish Poisoning- Dinoflagellate Gambierdicus toxicus acute (can be one hour to several) GI followed by persistent neuro signs. Subtropical/tropical. Mostly in finfish-groupers, barracudas, snappers, jacks, mackerel, triggerfish. Signs: peri-oral numbness and tingling neurosigns spreads to limbs. Reversal of sensations-coffee is cold, ice cream is hot.

Answer 18

Scombroid acute poisoning, within a few hours - fish undergoes bacterial degregation after capture and free histamine is formed from histadine. Syndrome of tingling and burning sensation around the mouth, nausea, vomiting, dizziness and rash. Most cases resolve spontaneously, can use antihistamines.

Answer 19

Tetrodotoxin Pufferfish Poisoning, poison from gonads, liver, intestine and skin of pufferfish. Can cause rapid and violent death mortality approach 50%. Minutes to a half hour. Signs: first numbness of lips and tongue 🡪headache, nausea, paralysis & death.

Answer 20

Mushroom Toxins CANNOT be made nontoxic by cooking, freezing, canning or processing.

Answer 21

Hepatitis A Picornovirus (enterovirus) Fecal/oral contamination person to person, Prisons, military In food products. water, shellfish, salad most frequen

Answer 22

Norovirus new name for “Norwalk-like viruses” (NLV) genus Norovirus, family Caliciviridae, are a group of related RNA viruses that cause acute gastroenteritis. Incubation period is between 24 and 48 hours. Usually presents as acute-onset vomiting, watery diarrhea with cramps, and nausea. Transmitted primarily through the fecal-oral route, either by consumption of contaminated food or water or by direct person-to-person spread. Environmental and fomite contamination may also act as a source of infection. Evidence exists for transmission due to aerosolization of vomitus that presumably results in droplets contaminating surfaces or entering the oral mucosa and being swallowed. Highly contagious, and an inoculum of as few as 10 viral particles may be sufficient to infec. During outbreaks, several modes of transmission have been documented; initial foodborne transmission in a restaurant, followed by secondary person-to-person transmission to household contacts. It appears that immunity may be strain-specific and lasts only a few months; therefore, given the genetic variability of noroviruses, individuals are likely to be repeatedly infected throughout their lifetimes. CDC estimates that 23 million cases of acute gastroenteritis are due to norovirus infection, and it is now thought that at least 50% of all foodborne outbreaks of gastroenteritis can be attributed to noroviruses. Most foodborne outbreaks of norovirus illness are likely to arise though direct contamination of food by a food handler immediately before its consumption. Outbreaks have frequently been associated with consumption of cold foods, including various salads, sandwiches, and bakery products. Food can also be contaminated at its source, and oysters from contaminated waters have been incriminatd. Raspberries and salads have been contaminated before widespread distribution and subsequently caused extensive outbreaks. Waterborne outbreaks of norovirus disease in community settings have often been caused by sewage contamination of wells and recreational water.

Answer 23

Giardia lamblia Protozoa. Dogs, cats, beavers and bears Cysts resistant, mostly from contaminated water. More often in children, immunocompromised Vaccine available.

Answer 24

Entamoeba histolytica Amebiasis can last years. Signs: vague to bloody diarrhea. Transmitted by direct contact, fecal, food, water and sexual contact; AIDS pts very vulnerable

Answer 25

Campylobacter jejuni takes turns with Salmonella as the most bacterial common cause of infectious gastroenteritis in humans. Infection can be from a number of food products. It has been estimated that 88% of chicken carcasses are contaminated. 2-5 days post ingestion, watery diarrhea, fever, cramps, and nausea, associated with chicken/cattle. Possible sequela Guillian Barre. LOW infectious dose, Seen in water, raw milk, poultry, meat, raw cheese, RTE products, INSTITUTIONAL FOOD

Answer 26

E.Coli O157:H7 Four classes of enterovirulent E. coli Toxin release on cell lysis AVOID ANTIBIOTICS *** USDA FSIS O157:H7 is ADULTERANT not naturally occurring; ZERO tolerance for fecal material on any animal carcass ETEC- enterotoxigenic Gastroenteritis- Travelers Diarrhea Young children and travelers, bad GI problem most selflimiting EPEC enteropathogenic infantile bloody diarrhea. From raw food products, prolonged diarrhea CFR high is infants-shigella like EIEC Enteroinvasive bacillary dysentery shigella-like, low ID, self-limiting except in infants can cause HUS. Possible human reservoir EHEC enterohemorrhagic (O157:H7) verotoxin, shiga toxin like, severe cramping and watery bloody diarrhea. Undercooked hamburger primary cause, also raw milk. Several days to a week incubation period. Very young get HUS Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (renal failue/hemolytic anemia) Elderly get HUS plus fever/neurology = thrombocytotopenia purpura

Answer 27

Vibrio Aquatic, halophlie, think SHELLFISH V. cholera “rice water” stools V. vulnificus high CFR; >50% think alcoholics eating shellfish V. parahemolyticus raw shellfish

Answer 28

Methyl Mercury EPA sets limits for sport fish, FDA sets limits for commercial fish (4-5 x higher) no rationale for difference, REC pregnant and youth not eat high-risk fish, Swordfish, shark, tuna, mackeral. Mostly ocean fish.

Answer 29

Shigellosis common in immunocompromised, homosexuals, jails, day care, refugee camps. Fever, bloody diarrhea, normally incubation 1-3 days. Poor or absent handwashing. Gram neg, Bacillary dysentery Low ID, human is reservoir can produce enterotoxin and Shiga toxin (similar to verotoxin) fecal contamination by food handlers. Reiters disease, HUS possible sequela

Answer 30

Cyclospora- diarrhea that is a problem for immunocompromised. Coccidian parasite waterborne and people to people transmission. Food association: raspberries, basil

Answer 31

PSE: Pigs with pale muscle (pale exudative pork)- What should disposition be of carcass at plant? choices are: rendering, OK to eat, OK after freezing, OK for animal feed, needs microbiological testing. It’s not harmful, doesn’t need micro testing- just unappealing. You can use it in feeding. Shown to be related to muscle size, stressful pre-slaughter handling conditions and an accelerated post-mortem metabolic rate.

Answer 32

Proper order for slaughtering chickens: stun, venisection, scald, defeather, eviscerate

Answer 33

Pasteurized milk- what bacteria are used to test for penicillin antibiotic residue? Bacillus steaphilus- test for antibiotic residue with 16 mm zone. Bacteria cell counts of raw milk cannot exceed 100,000/ml individually or 300,000/ml co-mingled. Somatic cell counts cannot exceed 750,000/ml. Milk must be cooled to 45 degrees F within 2 hours of milking. FDA/CFSAN-Verifying pasterization effectiveness by: salt conductivity test-it verifies time in holding tube in the HTST unit. Phosphatase inactivation. What in pasteurized milk would cause an immediate investigation? E. coli,? Phosphatase? Answer…drug residue. As far as phosphatase is concerned, the phosphatase test is applied to dairy products to determine whether pasteurization was done properly and also to detect the possible addition of raw milk to pasteurized milk. Inactivation of alk. phos parallels the C. Burnetti kill curve. Sensitive to 1/2000 parts raw milk.

Answer 34

Pasteurized milk ordinance- enforcement is FDA FDA- Center For Food Safety and Nutrition (CFSAN)- Milk Safety- Interstate Milk Shipments. Activities aimed at prevention of milkborne infections, antibiotic residues, toxic chemicals and hazardous radionuclides (Iodine131 and Strontium-90)

Answer 35

beef quality act assurance certification program-awareness of feed ingredients and residue- TQ management. Guidelines for proper animal health product use

Answer 36

Chloramphenicol and vancomycin- off label use of these and other drugs

Answer 37

> .85 but < .93

Answer 38

Bacillus steaphilus- test for antibiotic residue <16mm antibiotic zone; indicator in canned foods b/c more sensitive than botulism.

Answer 39

TSE’s The human neurologic "prion" disease, Kuru- transmission was associated with the ritual practice of eating the flesh of the dead. BSE outbreak in Great Britain: because of another TSE, Scrapie in sheep, rendered sheep carcasses, as sources of bovine ration ingredients were suspect and were immediately banned from rendering plants, worldwide. Concurrently, there were about 90 cases of Feline Spongiform Encephalopathy in domestic cats in the UK as well as in pumas, cheetahs, lions and tigers. Their beef-source diet was blamed. An unusual cluster of Variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease occurred in the UK in the 90s. Most recently, wild and captive deer and elk have shown an apparent increase in another prion disease, Chronic Wasting Disease. An immunohistochemistry test utilizing lymphoid biopsies from the third eyelid has been sanctioned for a live animal test. Specificity is felt to be close to 100%, specificity is low. Human Kuru in New Guinea has been virtually eliminated by discouraging mortuary cannibalism.

Answer 40

Bacillus thuringensis- biological control of mosquitoes and used in another way too. BTC; BTK microbial pesticides/larvacides

Answer 41

Trichinella spiralis caused by an intestinal roundworm whose larvae migrate to the muscles and encyst there. Clinical illness in humans is highly variable and can range from inapparent to a fulminating, fatal disease, depending on the number of larvae ingested. Sudden appearance of muscle soreness/pain with edema of upper eyelids and fever are early signs. T. spiralis can be found in many species of carnivores and omnivores. Animals are infected with T. spiralis when they ingest larvae in raw or undercooked meat. Most recent outbreaks of trichinosis in the United States have been traced to pork products from pigs that have not been inspected and that have been slaughtered privately. Because of its low host-specificity, almost any "wild" meat should be considered suspect, and hunters should be careful when preparing meat. In particular, a number of infections have been traced to contaminated bear meat.

Answer 42

Milk and Dairy Beef Quality Assurance Program how does a farm/dairy qualify? The AVMA and National Milk Producers Federation developed a ten-point Milk and Dairy Beef Residue Prevention Protocol. If the protocol is properly followed, milk from treated cows will not enter the bulk tank. The points are: Practice healthy herd management. Follow good management practices related to housing, nutrition reproduction, preventive vaccines, parasite control and total mastitis control. Generally, the major cause for milk containing drugs is mastitis treatment. 2) VCPR. 3) FDA approved over-the-counter or prescription drugs w/ a vets’s guidance. 4) Make sure all drugs used for the dairy herd have labels which comply with state /fed labeling 5) Store/ administer drugs properly/identify all treated animals. 6) Maintain/ use proper treatment records on all treated animals. 7) Use drug residue screening tests. The most important area to consider when administering drugs is proper record-keeping.

Answer 43

Who regulates Seafood? FDA- EPA and US Dept of Commerce augments.

Answer 44

Active surveillance through lab-confirmed cases. Interested in Salmonella, Campy, Shigella, Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia, Cylospora, Cryptosporidium, E. Coli 0157-H7, Vibrio.

Answer 45

freezing to 40F (-4 C) prevent Trichina

Answer 46

Listeria and Yersinia

Answer 47

hot water at 180F

Answer 48

freeze at –10 degrees F; store at 0 degrees F

Answer 49

88-92% humidity. >92%-slime mold; <88%-shrinkage

Answer 50

store at 32-35 degrees F

Answer 51

Ground beef- has no added fat Hamburger- usually 80% meat, 20% fat. Definition: ground, communited beef product. fresh/frozen; 30% max fat; +/- seasoning; 25% max cheek meat; must be labeled. NO added water, phosphate, binder/extender, mechanically separated beef, post defect chopped beef, post defect chopped fatty tissue, paprika

Answer 52

quantity of foods conform to standard, no ingredients used over and over those stated, no ingredients left out.

Answer 53

Milk Pasteurization US Milk Ordinance- lacteal secretion, practically free colostrums, obtained by complete milking one or more Max # somatic cells in raw, Grade A milk cow-750,000; goat 1,000,000/ml Milk production reduced by subclinical infection- test- linear somatic cell count flow diversion value- diverts milk back to raw bulk tank if temp is <161F healthy cows, not less than 8.25% solids/not fat and not less than 3.25% milk fat Mastitic milk- decreased fat, casein, lactase and increased protein, mineral Mastitis can be detected by viscosity tests (California, Wisconsin, Whiteside) Milk- added water detected by freezing point

Answer 54

Pastuerized milk 40F best storage life, last 2 weeks Pastuerization- low temp/long time 145F/ 30 minutes (Vat pasteurization) Pastuerization- high temp/short time 161F/ 15 seconds Pastuerization- UHT/ultrapastuerization 280F/ 2 seconds

Answer 55

STOP test - cattle slaughter – (Swab Test on Premise) often disabled, cull cows. CAST test at slaughter of ab residues (veal calves) (Calf Antibiotic Sulfa Test) SOS test at slaughter for swine (Sulfa on Site) Delvo-P test bulk milk on farm for ab residues LAST test performed by veterinarian for ab residues (Live Animal Swab Test)

Answer 56

``` Chloramphenicol Clenbuterol DES Dimetridazole Iponidazole glycopeptide (vancomycin) furazolidone nitrofurazone NO extra label drugs allowed in feeds ```

Answer 57

meat, poultry and egg safety. Largest employer of DVM in world (1100)

Answer 58

review foreign programs and inspect at port of entry

Answer 59

retention, detention, and voluntary recall

Answer 60

withhold inspection mark from adulterated product, suspend inspection if process not under control, withdraw inspectors if process not under control, and prosecute individuals/establishments for criminal acts.

Answer 61

Pathogen reduction/HACCP Final Rule, HACCP, performance standards for Salmonella, SOP for sanitation. test for generic E. coli

Answer 62

Eliminate prior approval for blueprints, equipment and PQC; focused changed from sanitation to performanace standards.

Answer 63

reorganize Office of PH and Science, increase focus on pathogens, FoodNet active surveillance, increase reliance on epidemiology and risk assessment. U.S. participate in International Food Safety through Codex Alimentarius Commission

Answer 64

Risk Assessment: Identify hazards and describe risks (ie probability/severity) Risk Management: Develop policy regarding risk, involves value judgement; who benefits and who loses Risk Communication: Communication between policy makers and stakeholders (producer, processor, etc)

Answer 65

C. jejuni and E. coli (O157:H7) most sensitive Radappertization: 20-70 kGy destroy all organisms (sterile) Radicidation: .01-10 kGy (pasteurization) Radurization: 1-5 kGy destroy spoilage organisms WHO/Codex approve food irradiation to 10 kGy FDA considers irradiation an additive The intensity of radiation exposure is decreased by Inverse Square of distance. (ie. at 3 x the distance then exposure is 1/9; 1 over 3 squared)

Answer 66

strong to weak: gamma (lead shield), beta (thin metal), alpha (paper, skin)

Answer 67

Hampster “wet tail” may be Campylobacter Tularemia tick borne, not in pet rabbits, Reptiles Salmonella, highly virulent carrier may not show signs antibiotics not recommended for asymptomatic. Pseudomonas in snakebites 1995-1996 most outbreaks microbial- Giardia and Shigella tied RMSF is carried by Dermacenter variables Hydatic disease- Echinococcus granulosus Host Canids Intermediate Sheep/cattle/ pigs/ rarely man Nanophyetus salminocola “salmon poisoning “ fluke Snails (certicare) salmon (metacercaria) dogs (raw fish) Splenectomized human bitten by dog: Capnocytophagia carnimorsus is concern

Answer 68

Rocket fuel Perchlorate, has been found in high concentrations in winter grown lettuce from Arizona and California that has been irrigated from the Colorado River, which has been contaminated upstream from several "DOD" sites.

Answer 69

CAFOs- Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation. Giant livestock operations are corporate-controlled units where tens of thousands of animals are "produced" in factory-like settings are polluting America's water and air. Because livestock factories produce and store large quantities of animal waste in leak-prone lagoons, America's water is at risk. Livestock factories also pose a threat to air quality. Groundwater is frequently contaminated by factory farm pollution, generally in the form of nitrates. Nitrate pollution seeps out of manure lagoons and into community sources of drinking water. Manure contains nitrogen, which changes into nitrates in the soil. After that step, the nitrates may move through the soil and accumulate in water supplies. Drinking nitrate-contaminated water can cause “blue baby” syndrome in infants, leading to developmental deficiencies or death. In May 2000, in Walkerton, Ontario, 1,300 cases of gastrointestinal problems occurred and 6 people died from an outbreak of E.coli. The Ontario Ministry of Health determined that the likely source was cattle manure runoff from a farm adjacent to a drinking water supply well. The major problem with feedlot waste runoff entering streams is the high Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), which decreases the 02 content of the stream and kills large numbers of fish. Methane or Bio Gas is a useful byproduct that results from the breakdown of organic material by acid forming and methanogenic bacteria during anaerobic secondary waste treatment. Liquid waste from feedlot detention (holding ponds) can provide beneficial nutrients to soil; however wastes must be cautiously applied b/c they may contain high levels of salt, which may be detrimental.

Answer 70

The effective virucidal concentration of many disinfectant formulations has been demonstrated previously in successful decontamination programs and in laboratory studies. One need not commit the names of these compounds to memory, for representatives of three core disinfectant formulations can be used with confidence in an emergency situation against those disease agents of concern. Examples of these are sodium hypochlorite (Compound No. 1), sodium hydroxide (Compound No. 2), and substituted phenolic compounds (Compound No. 3).

Answer 71

``` Compound No. 1 Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCL) or household bleach. This compound is effective against ASF, FMD, HC, SVD, and END at a concentration of 0.1 percent. In areas heavily contaminated with secretions, excretions, and soil, there is a considerable organic demand for available chlorine. Therefore, the procedure must be repeated at least once. In fact, under such conditions a 3 percent solution of NaOCL should be used. To prepare this concentration, add 3 gallons of bleach to 2 gallons of water. This concentration is effective against a variety of agents of viral diseases such as the following: African Swine Fever Pest of Small Ruminants African Horsesickness Rift Valley Fever Avian Influenza Rinderpest Bluetongue Sheep and Goat Pox Bovine Ephemeral Fever Swine Vesicular Disease Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia Exotic Newcastle Disease Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vesicular Exanthema of Swine Hog Cholera Japanese Encephalitis Lumpy Skin Disease Malignant Catarrhal Fever ```

Answer 72

Compound No. 2 Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Lye has a wide viral spectrum when used at this concentration 2%. However, it has limited effect against the viruses of ASF and HC. A considerably higher concentration than 2% is required to be effective.

Answer 73

Compound No. 3 Substituted phenolic compound. potent virucidal activity against the viruses of ASF and HC when prepared as a 1 percent solution. Effective against the viruses of African swine fever, avian influenza, hog cholera, and Newcastle disease. These types of compounds are not effective against the viruses of FMD and SVD.

Answer 74

Nolvasan is Not effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa or gram-positive cocci on inanimate surfaces. Nolvasan is the only EPA-registered chlorhexidine disinfectant, works against at least 60 different bacteria, fungi, yeasts,and viruses. Nolvasan is non-corrosive, has minimal to no skin irritation, and retains antimicrobial activity in the presence of organic matter. Nolvasan's unique binding to skin proteins provides residual activity for as long as two days. Indications: For disinfection of inanimate objects to aid in control of canine distemper virus, equine influenza virus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus, hog cholera virus, parainfluenza-3 virus, bovine rhinotracheitis virus, bovine virus diarrhea virus, Newcastle virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, equine rhinopneumonitis virus, feline rhinotracheitis virus, pseudorabies virus, equine arteritis virus and canine coronavirus. For dipping teats as an aid in controlling bacteria that causes mastitis. For use in federally inspected meat, poultry, rabbit and egg establishments.

Answer 75

C-14 (5568 years) Cesium-137 (30 years) acts like potassium Strontium-90 (28 years) accumulates in bone. I-131 (8 days) often in milk and milk products

Answer 76

Alpha particles- are the slowest of the 3 types. They travel only a few inches in the air and lose energy as soon as they collide w/ anything. They are easily shielded by a piece of paper or the outer layer of a person’s skin. Beta particles- are more energetic than alpha particles. Identical to an electron, it can travel in the air for a few feet. They may pass through a sheet of paper but are stopped by a sheet of aluminum foil/glass. Gamma rays- gamma rays originate within the nucleus of the atom. Unlike alpha or beta particles, they are waves of pure energy and a form of an x-ray. Gamma radiation can be very penetrating and requires concrete, lead or steel to stop it.

Answer 77

There are several ways to measure radiation, including how much biological damage it does. Roentgen is a measure of exposure- the amount of radiation energy, in the form of gamma or X-rays, in the air. The Rad- (radiation absorbed dose) is a measure of absorbed dose

Answer 78

Ionizing radiation will reduce, and in some circumstances eliminate, pathogenic microorganisms in or on meat and poultry. FSIS therefore recognizes irradiation as an important technology for helping to ensure the safety of meat and poultry. FSIS already has listed ionizing radiation as an approved additive in pork carcasses or fresh or previously frozen cuts of pork carcasses that have not been cured or heat-processed for the control of Trichinella spiralis and as an approved additive in fresh or frozen, uncooked, packaged poultry products for the purpose of reducing pathogenic microorganisms. Ionizing radiation can significantly reduce the levels of many of the pathogenic microorganisms of concern in meat food products, including various species of Salmonella; E. coli O157:H7; Clostridium perfringens; Staphylococcus aureus; Listeria monocytogenes; Campylobacter jejuni; and the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. The radiation dose necessary to reduce the initial population of many of the bacterial pathogens by 90 percent the ``D value,'' ranges from 0.1 kGy to just less than 1 kGy.

Answer 79

Disinfestations (insects) 0.1-2 kGy Radurization (reduce spoilage) 1-5 kGy Radicidation (pasteurize: microbial decontamination) 0.1-10kGy Radappertization (sterilization) 20-70 kGy NASA, DOD

Answer 80

B1, Thiamin, Niacin, Riboflavin, Vit. C water-soluble vitamins B & C: thiamine showed a 60% loss in beef and Vit C showed a 28% loss . The fat-soluble vitamins D&K are unaffected by irradiation and A&E showed some loss

Answer 81

Cesium, cobalt, gamma

Answer 82

Strontium. It concentrates itself in cow's milk and dairy products. When consumed by children it is further concentrated as it competes with calcium for inclusion into bone tissue.

Answer 83

None except for eggs at 3.0-13 KG

Answer 84

are emitted by burning fossil fuels and from solvents and other chemicals

Answer 85

is formed by complete combustion of fossil fuels. Important 'greenhouse gas' which contributes to global warming. Its major anthropogenic (i.e., man-made) sources are road transport, power stations and domestic heating. Density: heavier than air.

Answer 86

Ozone- pollutant effect of CO2 on warming of earth. Mix O2, NO2 and sunlight to form ozone. Ozone is a product of smog. Exposure inhibits clearance mechanisms.

Answer 87

global warming- as the ozone hole increases, it increases global warming. Decreases in the quantity of total-column ozone, tend to cause increased penetration of solar UV-B radiation to the Earth's surface.

Answer 88

Air Pollutants/Toxic gases EPA sets Air Quality Standards. Legislation: Clean Air Act governs the establishment, review, and the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS). Hazardous air pollutants may reasonably be expected to cause irreversible airway disease and there is no threshold/safe level.

Answer 89

Carbon monoxide incomplete combustion of fossil fuels. It is estimated road transport is responsible for 90% of all carbon monoxide emissions. Acute CO toxicosis causes rapid depression, coma, respiratory paralysis and death. Blood is bright red due to the inherent color of Carboxyhemoglobin. Lighter than air. Simple asphyxiant. Accumulates in garages, homes, livestock housing. Competes with oxygen for binding to hemoglobin

Answer 90

Nitrogen Dioxide Formed by fermentation of corn or other forages high in nitrate. Humans can experience chronic bronchitis or emphysema, commonly known as silo filler's disease. Also from tailpipes. NO2 is a component of ozone. In cattle, respiratory distress and necropsy findings of atypical interstitial pneumonia.

Answer 91

Zinc oxide is produced during oxyacetylene cutting or arc welding of galvanized pipes. In cattle, lesions are similar: atypical interstitial pneumonia. Seen where cattle are housed next to welding activities.

Answer 92

Sulfur Dioxide component of smokestacks; is produced when a material, or fuel, containing sulphur is burned.

Answer 93

Sulfuric Acid- sulfur dioxide plus atmospheric oxidation equals H2 SO4. Conversion can occur in power plants plumes as they move downward. Along with ozone (O3), it crosses state and Nat’l jurisdictions. * one of the most important atmospheric pollutants.

Answer 94

Four major gases (Ammonia, Hydrogen Sulfide, Methane, Carbon Dioxide) are associated with livestock confinement wastes. Ammonia High nitrogen wastes, in solid or liquid storage. Voliatization is the most important pathway for on site loss of nitrogen in animal manure to air or water resources. Much of the nitrogen excreted from cattle is in the form of urea, which rapidly hydrolyzes to NH3. Density lighter to air. Hydrogen Sulfide "rotten egg" odor. > 200 ppm cause fatigue/paralysis of olfactory receptors. Concentrations > 300 ppm in air induce pulmonary edema. Above 1000 ppm there is unconsciousness, collapse and respiratory paralysis. Density heavier than air. Methane Odorless and lighter than air. Very flammable- explosive!

Answer 95

WATER Protecting the Nation's Water Supplies. EPA Most contaminants would need to be used in very large quantities to contaminate a large public water system thereby minimizing an actual threat. Many public water systems, particularly those serving large towns and cities, have treatment processes already in place that will deactivate many contaminants. The primary threats to the Nation's drinking water supplies are contamination by chemical, biological or radiological agents; damage, destruction, or sabotage of physical infrastructure; and disruption to computer systems. EPA is the lead agency for the water supply sector.