Food Made in Space

Question 1

supply [/səˈplaɪ/]

Answer 1

AMOUNT AVAILABLE [countable] an amount of something that is available to be used
supply of
I’ve only got a week’s supply of tablets left.
plentiful/abundant/adequate etc supply
There was a plentiful supply of cheap labour.
The nation’s fuel supplies will not last forever.
To protect the food supply, the government ordered the slaughter of affected cattle.

Question 2

scientific [/ˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪk◂/]

Answer 2

about or relating to science, or using its methods
We believe in investing in scientific research.
the limits of scientific knowledge
decisions based on scientific evidence
the international scientific community (=scientists)

Among the scientific equipment were twelve bottles of red wine from the famous Bordeaux region of France.

Question 3

astronaut [/ˈæstrənɔːt]

Answer 3

someone who travels and works in a spacecraft

Question 4

crop [/krɒp/]

Answer 4

a plant such as wheat, rice, or fruit that is grown by farmers and used as food → GM
The main crops were oats and barley.
crop production
crops grown for market

In today’s programme we’ll be finding out how growing plants in space can develop crops which are more productive and more resistant to climate change here on Earth.

Question 5

resistant [/rɪˈzɪstənt/]

Answer 5

1 not damaged or affected by something → proof
resistant to
an infection that’s resistant to antibiotics
heat-resistant/stain-resistant/fire-resistant etc
shock-resistant rubber
2 opposed to something and wanting to prevent it from happening
resistant to
Many managers are resistant to change.

Question 6

lettuce [/ˈletɪs/]

Answer 6

اون کاهو ها که میگیم کاهو پیچ

Question 7

stranded [/ˈstrændɪd/]

Answer 7

a person or vehicle that is stranded is unable to move from the place where they are

a stranded astronaut grows potatoes on Mars

Air travellers were left stranded because of icy conditions.
stranded in/on/at
There I was, stranded in Rome with no money.

Question 8

tune [/tjuːn/]

Answer 8

[countable] a series of musical notes that are played or sung and are nice to listen to SYN melody
That’s a nice tune.
She sang some old classics and a few new tunes.

Question 9

wavelength [/ˈweɪvleŋθ/]

Answer 9

1 the size of a radio wave used to broadcast a radio signal

2 technical the distance between two points on energy waves such as sound or light

Question 10

image [/ˈɪmɪdʒ/]

Answer 10

1 PUBLIC OPINION the opinion people have of a person, organization, product etc, or the way a person, organization etc seems to be to the public → reputation
image of
attempts to improve the image of the police

2 IDEA IN MIND a picture that you have in your mind, especially about what someone or something is like or the way they look
image of
He had no visual image of her, only her name.
He had the clearest image in his mind of his mother and father.

if you image what the rainbow looks like

Question 11

essentially

Answer 11

used when stating the most basic facts about something SYN basically
Ballet is essentially a middle-class interest.
Suicide rates have remained essentially unchanged.
[sentence adverb]
Essentially, we are talking about the cold war period.

Question 12

tailor [/ˈteɪlə]

Answer 12

to make something so that it is exactly right for someone’s particular needs or for a particular purpose
tailor something to something
Treatment is tailored to the needs of each patient.
tailor something to meet/suit somebody’s needs/requirements
The classes are tailored to suit learners’ needs.
tailor something for somebody
We tailored the part specifically for her.

Question 13

particular [/pəˈtɪkjələ/]

Answer 13

1 [only before noun] a particular thing or person is the one that you are talking about, and not any other → certain, specific
In this particular case, no one else was involved.
Most students choose one particular area for research.
a particular type of food
2 special or great
You should pay particular attention to spelling.
For no particular reason, he quit the job.

Question 14

hit

Answer 14

1 TOUCH SOMEBODY/SOMETHING HARD [transitive] to touch someone or something quickly and hard with your hand, a stick etc
He raised the hammer and hit the bell.
hit somebody/something with something
The robbers hit him over the head with a baseball bat.

2 CRASH INTO SOMETHING [transitive] to move into something or someone quickly and with force
The tanks exploded as the plane hit the ground.
He was hit by a car.

they’re using up every photon that hits them.

Question 15

abbreviation [/əˌbriːviˈeɪʃən/]

Answer 15

[countable] a short form of a word or expression
abbreviation of/for
‘Dr’ is the written abbreviation of ‘Doctor’.

Question 16

emit [/ɪˈmɪt/]

Answer 16

to send out gas, heat, light, sound etc
The kettle emitted a shrill whistle.

LED is an abbreviation of ‘light emitting diode’

Question 17

light up []

Answer 17

1 light something ↔ up to give light to a place or to shine light on something
The flames lit up the sky.
The fountain is lit up at night.

an electronic device that lights up when electricity is passed through it.

2 if someone’s face or eyes light up, they show pleasure, excitement etc
with
His eyes lit up with laughter.
Her face lit up with pleasure.

Question 18

absorb []

Answer 18

1 LIQUID/GAS to take in liquid, gas, or another substance from the surface or space around something
Plants absorb nutrients from the soil.
absorb something into something
Water and salts are absorbed into our bloodstream.
2 INFORMATION to read or hear a large amount of new information and understand it
Her capacity to absorb information is amazing.
3 INTEREST to interest someone so much that they do not pay attention to other things
The movement and noise of the machines absorbed him completely.

Question 19

particle [/ˈpɑːtɪkəl/]

Answer 19

a very small piece of something
dust particles
particle of
tiny particles of soil

Question 20

dust [/dʌst/]

Answer 20

گردوخاک

All the furniture was covered in dust.

Question 21

soil [/sɔɪl/]

Answer 21

خاک

Question 22

leaves [/liːvz/]

Answer 22

the plural of leaf

Question 23

leaf [/liːf/]

Answer 23

برگ

Question 24

flavour [/ˈfleɪvə/]

Answer 24

[countable] the particular taste of a food or drink
Which flavour do you want – chocolate or vanilla?
flavour of
a dry wine with flavors of honey and apricot

Question 25

obstacle []

Answer 25

something that makes it difficult to achieve something
obstacle to
Fear of change is an obstacle to progress.

Question 26

chief [/tʃiːf/]

Answer 26

highest in rank

Question 27

plasticity [/plæˈstɪsəti/]

Answer 27

the quality of being easily made into any shape, and of staying in that shape until someone changes it

Question 28

gene [/dʒiːn/]

Answer 28

a part of a cell in a living thing that controls what it looks like, how it grows, and how it develops. People get their genes from their parents. → genetic
human genes

Question 29

sort [/sɔːt/]

Answer 29

1 TYPE/KIND [countable] a group or class of people, things etc that have similar qualities or features SYN type, kind
sort of
What sort of shampoo do you use?
all sorts (of something) (=a lot of different types of things)
I like all sorts of food – I’m not fussy.

Question 30

fussy [/ˈfʌsi/]

Answer 30

very concerned about small, usually unimportant details, and difficult to please
fussy about
Sue was fussy about her looks.
A lot of small children are fussy eaters (=they dislike many types of food).

Question 31

due to []

Answer 31

because of something
The court of inquiry ruled that the crash was due to pilot error.
She has been absent from work due to illness.

Question 32

cope []

Answer 32

1 to succeed in dealing with a difficult problem or situation
Sometimes I find it hard to cope.
He coped quite well as manager while still captaining the team.
cope with
She feared she wouldn’t be able to cope with two new babies.

2 if a system or machine copes with a particular type or amount of work, it does it
cope with
No system is designed to cope with the floods we have had this year.
My computer can cope with huge amounts of data.

Question 33

composition [/ˌkɒmpəˈzɪʃən/]

Answer 33

1 PARTS/MEMBERS [countable, uncountable] the way in which something is made up of different parts, things, or members → compose
composition of
The composition of the group that is studied depends on the interests of the researcher.
Some minerals have complex chemical compositions.

2 MUSIC/WRITING
a) [countable] a piece of music, a poem, or a piece of writing → compose, composer
a composition by jazzman Dave Brubeck, called ‘Chromatic Fantasy’
a mixture of traditional songs and original compositions
b) [uncountable] the art or process of writing pieces of music, poems etc
The Journals contain accounts of literary composition.

Question 34

contain [/kənˈteɪn/]

Answer 34

1 CONTAINER/PLACE if something such as a bag, box, or place contains something, that thing is inside it
The thieves stole a purse containing banknotes.

The energy needed for plants to grow is contained in photons

Question 35

evolve [/ɪˈvɒlv/]

Answer 35

1 if an animal or plant evolves, it changes gradually over a long period of time → evolution
evolve from
Fish evolved from prehistoric sea creatures.
Animals have evolved camouflage to protect themselves from predators.
2 to develop and change gradually over a long period of time
The school has evolved its own style of teaching.
Businesses need to evolve rapidly.

Question 36

gradually [/ˈɡrædʒuəli/]

Answer 36

slowly, over a long period of time OPP suddenly
Jill gradually became aware of an awful smell.
Gradually, my ankle got better.

Question 37

millennium [/mɪˈleniəm/]

Answer 37

1 a period of 1,000 years
people who have inhabited this land for millennia
2 [usually singular] the time when a new 1,000-year period begins
the beginning of a new millennium

Question 38

gravitational [/ˌɡrævəˈteɪʃənəl◂/]

Answer 38

related to or resulting from the force of gravity
the Moon’s gravitational field
the gravitational pull of the Moon

Question 39

specimen [/ˈspesɪmɪn/]

Answer 39

1 a small amount or piece that is taken from something, so that it can be tested or examined
a blood specimen
specimen of
a specimen of rock
2 a single example of something, often an animal or plant
specimen of
a very fine specimen of 12th-century glass

Question 40

determined []

Answer 40

1 having a strong desire to do something, so that you will not let anyone stop you
Gwen is a very determined woman.
determined to do something
She was determined to win.
determined (that)
He was determined that the same mistakes would not be repeated.
2 showing determination, especially in a difficult situation
determined attempt/effort
She was making a determined effort to give up smoking.
The library was closed down despite determined opposition.