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Geography > Food: Gateway 1 (Indicators, Causes and Consequences of Variance in Food Consumption > Flashcards

Food: Gateway 1 (Indicators, Causes and Consequences of Variance in Food Consumption Flashcards

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1
Q

List the indicators of food consumption

A
  1. Food consumption per capita
  2. Daily calorie intake per capita
  3. Percentage of starchy food staples
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2
Q

What is food consumption per capita and how is it measured?

A
  • Average amount of food each consumes each year
  • Measured in kg/capita/year
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3
Q

What is daily calorie intake per capita and how is it measured?

A
  • Energy obtained from food consumed by each daily
  • Measured in kilocalories
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4
Q

What is percentage of starchy foods consumed and how is it measured?

A
  • The amount of starch taken as a staple
  • Meausured in percentage of all calorie intake
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5
Q

What are the broad categories of the causes for variance in food consumption patterns?

A
  1. Economic
  2. Socio-cultural factors
  3. Political factors
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6
Q

What are the economic factors for the causes of variance in food consumption patterns?

A
  1. Disposable income
  2. Pricing
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7
Q

What are the socio-cultural factors for the causes of variance in food consumption patterns?

A
  1. Food preferences
  2. Population growth
  3. Religious belief
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8
Q

What are the political factors for the causes of variance in food consumption patterns?

A
  1. Stablility in food supply
  2. Food safety
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9
Q

How does disposable income affect variance in food consumption patterns? What kind of factor is it? Give an example.

A

Economic

  • Disposable income = amount of income left after taxes
  • Higher DI = more purchasing power for larger amount and variety of food
  • Usually more meat

Eg: Taiwan (1959-1991)
- High economic growth, became DC
- Rice consumption halved, meat quadrupled, fruit climbed 5 times, fish doubled

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10
Q

How does pricing affect variance in food consumption patterns? What kind of factor is it? Give an example.

A

Economic

  • LDCs more affected by pricing than DCs because LDCs have less disposable income

Eg: Food price rising dramatically worldwide (2006-2008)
- Global food crisis
- Brought by economic, political instability, social unrest
- Prices of staples rose more than the rest
- LDCs: many on the brink of chronic hunger, led to riots and protests
- DCs: turned to cheaper options for food
- Speculation on food shares caused inflated demand on food, prices skyrocketed

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11
Q

How does food preferences affect variance in food consumption patterns? What kind of factor is it? Give an example.

A

Socio-cultural

  • Affected by health, morals, income and environment

Eg: Fast food vs organic food
- Fast food cheaper and convienient
- Organic food healthier, pricier, growing consumption in DCs due to rising health concerns

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12
Q

How do religious beliefs affect variance in food consumption patterns? What kind of factor is it? Give an example.

A

Socio-cultural

  • Affects choice of food and food preparation

Eg:
Islam- halal
Buddhism and Hinduism- largely vegetarian
Judaism- kosher foods

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13
Q

How does population growth affect variance in food consumption patterns? What kind of factor is it?

A

Socio-cultural

  • Pop. growth is higher in LDCs than DCs
  • Greater demand for food in LDCs
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14
Q

How does stability of food supply affect variance in food consumption patterns? What kind of factor is it? Give 2 examples.

A

Political
- Influenced by safety, nutritional level, availability, cost of food to the population
- Need the government to take action to ensure stability
- Actions include: increasing food production (tech, more land used for farming etc.), and increasing food import (easier in DCs as they have income to manage fluctuations in prices

Eg: Jamaica, 2004 hurricane disaster
- Unable to import food due to costs

Eg2: Zimbabwe, 2008 drought
- Ruined corn crops for rural and neglected areas

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15
Q

How does food safety affect variance in food consumption patterns? What kind of factor is it? Give 2 examples.

A

Political

-System that provides guidelines and ensures proper handling, preparation and storage of food to prevent food-bourne diseases and removing food from shelves after sell-by dates

Eg: Mad Cow Disease
- Government had to cull cows and advise against consumption of beef

Eg2: Japan, Tohoku, 2011
- Nuclear reactor explosion contamintated farmland and water
- Seafood imports from Japan to Singapore restricted

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16
Q

List the categories where there are consequences of variations in food consumption patterns?

A

HEPS

  1. Health impacts
  2. Economic impacts
  3. Political impacts
  4. Social impacts
17
Q

What are the negative consequences of variations in food patterns on health?

A
  1. Malnutrition
  2. Ill-health
  3. Starvation
  4. Obesity
18
Q

What are the negative consequences of variations in food patterns on economies?

A
  1. Lower productivity
  2. Higher public health expenditures
  3. Long term debt
19
Q

What are the negative consequences of variations in food patterns on political issues?

A
  1. Social unrest
20
Q

What are the negative consequences of variations in food patterns on society?

A
  1. Scavenging
  2. Food wastage
  3. Dieting
21
Q

Describe malnutrition as a consequence of variations in food consumption patterns and give an example.

A
  • Not enough nutrients to maintain healthy tissues and organs
  • Affects LDCs more than DCs

Eg: Congo- 75% malnourished
Eg2: 5 million children die each year from malnutrition worldwide

22
Q

Describe ill-health as a consequence of variations in food consumption patterns and give an example.

A
  • Due to inadequate food consumption

Eg: Vitamin A; visual impairment, diarrhea and measles (body unable to fight diseases); more so in LDCs

Eg2: Vitamin D and calcium; osteoporosis, more fragile bones; common in both DCs and LDCs

23
Q

Describe starvation as a consequence of variations in food consumption patterns and give an example.

A
  • Extreme hunger from severe lack of food (extreme malnutrition)
  • More so in LDCs (poorer, unstable political situations)

Eg: Mali, 2012
- 5 million threatened with starvation due to poor harvest and civil rebellion

24
Q

Describe lower productivity due to malnutrition as a consequence of variations in food consumption patterns and give an example.

A
  • Imbalanced nutrients; fall sick regularly, less goods produced
  • Children fall sick regularly; loss of school days, educational opportunities; less able to seek employment

Eg: LDCs
- Low productivity
- Poor health
- Farmers less innovative, less experimental, unable to implement improvements

25
Q

Describe higher public health expenditures as a consequence of variations in food consumption patterns and give an example.

A
  • More people fall sick–> greater demand for health services–> increase cost of providing healthcare

Eg: LDCs
- Increased to healthcare–> less for development of other areas (education, housing, transportation etc)
- Slows development

26
Q

Describe long-term debt as a consequence of variations in food consumption patterns and give an example.

A
  • Food aid and financial aid given to help people and countries cope

Eg: USA
- Contributes 50% of global aid
- Food aid has to be purchased before export
- Prices are 34% more expensive than local prices
- LDCs incur losses up to USD$7bn–> leads to national debt

27
Q

Describe social unrest as a consequence of variations in food consumption patterns and give an example.

A
  • Situations of inadequate food supply bring about political instability

Eg: Mozambique, 2010
- Food prices rose by 30% due to drought in Russia
- Peaceful marches turned to violent demonstrations, wounding and killing

28
Q

Describe scavenging as a consequence of variations in food consumption patterns and give an example.

A
  • Searching through what had been thrown away in order to consume whatever is fouond to prevent starvation
  • Carries health risk as food carries high bacteria or chemicals
  • Place scavengers in dangerous situations
  • Perceived as a nuisance to public

Eg: Philippines, Smokey Mountain
- Set up makeshift homes next to dump to have easy and quick access to waste; make a living through picking through rubbish

29
Q

Describe obesity as a consequence of variations in food consumption patterns and give an example.

A
  • Leads to health problems such as high blood pressure, coronary heart diseases diabetes, cancer
  • More so in DCs than LDCs
    Eg: USA
  • 31% by 2000
  • Rising incomes of LDCs making it more common there too
    Eg2: Mexico, South Africa
30
Q

Describe lower productivity due to obesity as a consequence of variations in food consumption patterns and give an example.

A
  • Imbalanced nutrients; fall sick regularly, less goods produced
  • Children fall sick regularly; loss of school days, educational opportunities; less able to seek employment

Eg: USA
- High BMI more likely to fall sick or be injured at work–> higher compensation claims paid–> cost company more in productivity and insurance costs

31
Q

Describe dieting as a consequence of variations in food consumption patterns and give an example.

A
  • Needs to be carried out healthily
  • Inappropriate methods may lead to depression or other illnesses

Benefits
- Healthier
- Employment oppotunities (jobs in weight loss industry
- Economic value (USD$20bn in USA)

31
Q

Describe higher public health expenditures due to obesity as a consequence of variations in food consumption patterns.

A
  • Higher treatment for obesity related illnesses–> more funds channeled to healthcare system–> less available for economic development
32
Q

Describe food wastage as a consequence of variations in food consumption patterns and give an example.

A
  • Societies with excess food less careful in handling food
  • Large amounts are wasted

Eg: DCs vs LDCs
- DCs: 115kg/capita
- LDCs: 11kg/capita

  • Esp so in DCs
  • More waste generated–> strain on landfills–> resources used for food production wasted

Geography (17 decks)

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