Development: Strategies Flashcards
What are the various national strategies for development?
WAHPEI
1. Agricultural development
2. Industrial development
3. Improving healthcare
4. Population control
5. Improving water supply and sanitation
6. Improving education
How does agricultural development promote the development of a country? What are some examples?
Describe:
Agricultural development is the introduction of modern technology, low interest loans and effective land policies to achieve higher output and income
Explain:
% of primary industries are high, more output–> more income, higher QoL
Example:
Indonesia and Philippines, 1960s: Introduction of high yielding seeds
+:
- Increased rice production
- Increased average income of farmers
-:
- Expensive (increase income gap)
How does industrial development promote the development of a country? What are some examples?
Describe:
Process of transforming a predominantly agriculture-based economy to a manufacturing-based economy
Explain:
Manufacturing-based gives
- More employment opportunities
- Higher+more stable income
- Adds value to raw materials–> more income for country–> use for development
Example:
South Korea (1960s): Aggressive industrialising programme
Emphasising on exports and development of labour-intensive industries
+:
- More jobs (machine operators, managerial positions)
- Higher more stable income
-:
- Not effective in LDCs (eg Zimbabwe, Myanmar); lack basic infrastructure (efficient transport, communication networks, skilled labour)
How does improving healthcare promote the development of a country? What are some examples?
Describe:
More facilities, trained medical professionals and equipment
Explain:
Healthier population–> increased productivity–> attract investors
Example:
Singapore: Medisave/Medishield
- Affordable healthcare
+:
Success in Singapore: LDC to DC
-:
Cannot happen in some LDCs:
- Lack of economic resources
- Lack of skilled medical professionals
How does population control promote the development of a country? What are some examples?
Describe:
Overcoming rapid or slow population growth rates (through policies)
Explain:
Rapid growth–> strained resources–> less channeled to development
Slow growth–> not enough manpower–> slower development
Examples:
China (1979-2015): One child policy
- Increased marriagable age (22M, 20F)
- One child only
- Compulsary sterilisation, heavy fines, lack of free education for child, if rules flouted
+:
Birth rates in China drop; 5.8 (1970)–> 2.1 (1990)
-:
- Resistance from rural areas; boys>girls mindset; continue until get a son
- Aging population; by 2050, 100 million above 80 years old
How does improving water supply and sanitation promote the development of a country? What are some examples?
Describe:
Governments to provide adaquate infrastructure to ensure citizens have access to clean water and proper sanitation
Explain:
Reduces spread of diseases, ensures healthy workforce
Increased productivity and income –> Increased SoL
Example:
India: Parivartan Slum Networking Programme (Mid 1990s)
Slum dwellers provided with infrastructure (water pipes, underground sewerage etc)
+:
- In 5 years, reached 56 000 people, 40 slums
- Reduced the spread of diseases
- Death rates decreased (6.9 to 3.7 per 1000)
-:
- Ineffective if not supported during developmental phases (eg absence of trainings to use and repair)
How does improving education promote the development of a country? What are some examples?
Describe:
Increase quality + accessibility of education
Explain:
Educated population pick up new skills and technology–> join secondary and tertiary industries–> increased income
Example:
Thailand (1998): Hill Tribe Education Project
- Teach tribesmen Thai language, math and life skills in teaching centres by volunteer teachers
+:
Helped tribesmen secure better employment in cities–> Increased incomes and living conditions
-:
Lack of teachers and proper facilities in some countries
(Eg. Vietnam, poor teaching methods, general lack of awareness of importance of education in rural areas)
What are the various international strategies for development?
- Asian Development Bank (ADB)
- World Bank
- United Nations Millenium Project (UNMP)
- United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
How did the Asian Development Bank promote the development of countries? What are some examples?
Describe:
Set up to improve economies of Asia Pacific region by performing economic research and providing technical and financial assistance to countries in need
Explain:
Aid is useful–> LDCs do not have necessary financial resources and expertise to implement strategies
Example (positive):
Bangladesh: Jamuna Multipurpose Bridge Project
- Connect less developed NW region and better developed E region
- Increased accessibility between both regions
- Increased investments and job opportunities
-:
- Aid in the form of loans; have to be repaid–> country’s limited capital would have to be channeled into debt repayment
How did the World Bank promote the development of countries? What are some examples?
Describe:
Set up to eradicate poverty and improve SoL in LDCs
Explain:
Offer LDCs financial and technical assistance to achieve development
Example:
Brazil (1996-2005):
Provide 60% of building infrastructure
+:
Improve lives of villagers
-:
Not all villages can be helped
- Some are inaccessible (physical barriers, poor transport links)
- No equipment can reach them
How did the United Nations Millennium Project promote the development of countries? What are some examples?
Describe:
8 development goals. All 191 member states signed an agreement in 2000. (Eradicate poverty and achieve universal primary education by 2015)
Explain:
Effort of all 191 countries combined to achieve development
Example:
Vietnam
- Recieve skill training for the poor
+:
Allow Vietnamese to look for better jobs; increase SoL
-:
- Not all goals are effective
- Gender equality and combatting AIDS esp. slow
How did the United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea promote the development of countries? What are some examples?
Describe:
Initiated in 1982; controls usage of resources in oceans and seas; ensure sustainibility; avoid overuse and depletion
Explain:
Ensures coastal states can exercise sovereignity over waters–> prevent illegal fishing by foreign fishermen (depleting stocks)
Example:
Poor Peruvian fishermen
+:
Effective in protecting Peruvian fishermen from having to compete with foreign fishermen with larger boats fishing illegally
-:
Corrupted enforcers accept bribes
