Food cultures

Question 1

Indentured labour: 1624-1650

Answer 1

average of 2,000 to 3,000 Europeans arrived in the Caribbean each year

Question 2

Who said this: “When they have kill’d a Beef, they cut it into four quarters and taking out all the Bones, each Man makes a hole in the middle of his Quarter, just big enough for his head to go thro’, then puts it on like frock, and trudgeth home”

Answer 2

W. Dampier

Question 3

Wilk on the Bucaneers

Answer 3

tastes and standards were formed on ship

Question 4

Governor Thomas Lynch of Jamaica

Answer 4

“some of them have affirmed to have planted Indian provisions and have found them well grown”

Question 5

Who spoke about the centrality of meat?

pork, tortoises, manatees

Answer 5

Alexandre Exquemelin

Question 6

Henderson

Answer 6

pickling the tail of manatee

common in english society

Question 7

“the labour on a pen is much lighter than a sugar plantation, the employment of the former being only to look after cattle, horses and mules, etc, and to attend to them in the same manner as is practised by graziers in England”

Answer 7

David Barclay, Jamaica

Question 8

Shepherd - economic resistance

Answer 8

informal economy. enslaved on livestock pens had greater opportunity to participate in the informal economy- Shepherd called this ‘economic resistance’

Question 9

Internal marketing system - Shepherd

Answer 9

rearing livestock and growing provisions allowed space for negotiation around some of the economic exploitation of enslavement. ways for women to have economic empowerment

Question 10

Internal marketing system - Whitehall Ellis

Answer 10

men could keep more valuable livestock. this feature may empower women, but men still held greater privileges

Question 11

“the [enslaved] here [on Mr Matthew’s pen] are allowed to have as many hogs as they please, a privilege they cannot enjoy on sugar estates where the cane would tempt them into destruction”

Answer 11

Cynric Williams, 1824

Question 12

Shepherd- resistance

Answer 12

the ability to sell food allowed the enslaved to negotiate around their exploitation, and livestock pens significant in armed uprisings

Question 13

Significance of Sharpe’s rebellion

Answer 13

Jamaica, 1831
enslaved believed their freedom had been decreed from England, and was being withheld
Pen workers gave the signal for the start of the rebellion
Bands of rebels stopped off at pens and used them as sources of food

Question 14

“all that is excellent in a superlative degree, for beauty and for taste”

Answer 14

Impressed by the pineapple - Ligon

Question 15

Talks about blend of culinary traditions, and changing cultures of consumption in Europe, as argued by Mintz

Answer 15

Thomas Thistlewood- and Irish potatoes, bread, roast yam, and plantains, a boiled pudding

Question 16

When did sugar production and consumption become part of the war of representation between abolitionists and pro-slavery factions?

Answer 16

1730s-1830s

Question 17

Who believed that avoided sugar consumption would prevent the slave trade?

Answer 17

Thomas Cooper

Question 18

a family that uses 5 pounds of sugar per week

Answer 18

with the same proportion of rum, by abstaining from sugar consumption for 21 months prevent the slavery or murder of another

Question 19

Mobbie (early colonial drinking)

Answer 19

drink made from potatoes described by Ligon.

1627- voyage returned with sweet potatoes and inhabitants who knew how to make a fermented alcoholic drink

Question 20

Parranow

Answer 20

made from cassava in Barbados

Question 21

Ligon, on rum

Answer 21

“the slaves are fond of a strong eau de vie that they call brusle ventre” (Burning stomach)
- on a 500 acre estate, annual consumption per capita 8.9 gallons

Question 22

Labat on rum

Answer 22

10% of rum on Martinican sugar plantations consumed by servants and enslaved

Question 23

Bridgetown yellow fever epidemic 1647

Answer 23

bodies thrown in the towns swamp, infecting the water, and many citizens had cisterns on the sides of their houses
fear of tainted water supplies

Question 24

Labat, on drinking

Answer 24

“only invalids and chickens drink water”

Question 25

Rum experienced a rise

Answer 25

in the early 17th century

Jamaica- in 18th century

Question 26

ability to turn a waste product of sugar production into profitable alcohol, made it into an efficient and modern enterprise

Answer 26

Frederick Smith

Question 27

‘alcoholic marronage’

Answer 27

Smith

Question 28

MacAndrew and Edgerton

Answer 28

drunkenness allows a state of society sanctioned freedom, despite being temporary
Enslaved used the ‘guise of drunkenness’ to undermine planters and sabotage their power

Question 29

“[slaves] who have been dancing, or drinking, or otherwise engaged on some nocturnal excursion, either on the business of love, or depredation, will be found at the hospital the next morning.”

Answer 29

Collins - Practical Rules for the Management and Medical Treatment of Negro Slaves