Food and Feed Additives to Control Pathogens

Question 1

what organisms are multi drug resistant

Answer 1

• campylobacter
• salmonella
• enterococcus
• staphylococcus
• CRE
• ESBLs (extended spectrum B-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae)

Question 2

what organisms are considered serious by CDC for emerging AMR

Answer 2

• campylobacter
• ESBLs
• VRE (vancomycin resistent enterococcus)
• salmonella
• shigella

Question 3

do retail foods contain AMR genes from the farm

Answer 3

yes
microbes from livestock pass on pathogens that carry AMR genes into food chain

Question 4

what is the gold standard in AMR testing

Answer 4

MIC

increasing MIC indicates antimicrobial resistance

Question 5

can microbial genomes be used for AMR prediction for resistance

Answer 5

yes
whole genome sequencing is used by the FDA to create the resistor tracker that examines the distribution of antimicrobial resistance genes in microbial genomes

Question 6

is bacteriophage therapy a reasonable on-farm replacement for antibiotic or growth promoters

Answer 6

no, not recommended due to inconsistent results

recommended: biosecurity and vaccination
guarded: feed/water acidification, feed management
not recommended: bacteriophage and manipulation of gut flora

Question 7

what is a growth promoter

Answer 7

any medicine that destroys or inhibits bacteria and is administered at a low, sub-therapeutic dose

eliminates bacteria to decrease the energy required by the immune system to allow for greater growth