FOIs: The Learning Process

Question 1

Learning Theory

Answer 1

BICC

BEHAVIORALISM: psychology that explains animal and human behavior (external environment)
INFORMATION PROCESSING: brain processing incoming info, stores an retrieves it and generates responses
COGNITIVE: process of thinking and learning (internal environment)
CONSTRUCTIVISM: learners acquire knowledge and skills by actively building or constructing them based on past experience (give people small, palatable bites first)

Question 2

Factors that Affect Perception

Answer 2

G STEP

GOALS/VALUES

SELF-CONCEPT: student’s self-image
TIME/OPPORTUNITY:
ELEMENT OF THREAT: fear narrows the perceptual field
PHYSICAL ORGANISM: provides individuals with the perceptual apparatus for sensing the world around them

Question 3

Acquiring Knowledge

Answer 3

MUC

MEMORIZATION: memorizing facts and steps
UNDERSTANDING: ability to notice similarities
and make associations between the facts and procedural
steps learned
CONCEPT LEARNING: concept learning is based on the assumption that humans tend to group objects, events, ideas, people, etc., that share one or more major attributes that set them apart.

Question 4

Laws of Learning

Answer 4

REEPIR

READINESS: basic needs must be satisfied first
EFFECT: learning strengthened by a good feeling
EXERCISE: strengthened with practice
PRIMACY: what comes first is best remembered
INTENSITY: learning through real world situations
RECENCY: things most recently learned are best remembered

Question 5

Domains of Learning

Answer 5

CAP

COGNITIVE: thinking
AFFECTIVE: feeling
PSYCHOMOTOR: doing

Question 6

Cognitive Domain of Learning

Answer 6

RUAC

ROTE: ability to repeat something back that was learned
UNDERSTANDING: comprehend or grasp nature
APPLICATION: act of putting something to use that has been learned and understood
CORRELATION: associating what has been learned, understood, and applied with previous or subsequent learning

Question 7

Affective Domain of Learning

Answer 7

ARVOI

AWARENESS: being open to learning new ideas
RESPONSE: actively participates in learning process; reacts voluntarily or complies
VALUE: acceptance and embrace of learning
ORGANIZING: rearrangement of value system to integrate new ideas
INTEGRATION: internalizes learning and incorporates into daily life

Question 8

Psychomotor Domain of Learning

Answer 8

OIPH

OBSERVATION: active mental attending of a physical event
IMITATION: attempted copying of a physical behavior
PRACTICE: repeating a skill
HABIT: fine tuning; making minor adjustments to perfect the skill

Question 9

Characteristics of Learning

Answer 9

PEAM

Learning is…

Purposeful
(Result of) Experience
Active Process: student participates
Multifaceted: different styles (lecture, guided discussion, e-learning, etc.)

Question 10

Acquiring Skill Knowledge

Answer 10

CAA

COGNITIVE STAGE: student memorizes steps to complete a skill
ASSOCIATIVE STAGE: practice is necessary for a student to learn
AUTOMATIC RESPONSE: as procedures become more automatic, less attention is required to carry them out

Question 11

Types of Practice

Answer 11

DBR

DELIBERATE: student practices specific areas for improvement and receives specific feedback from practice
BLOCKED: practicing the same drill until the movement becomes automatic
RANDOM: mixes up the skills to be acquired throughout the practice session

Question 12

Scenario Based Training

Answer 12

HIC

Has clear objectives
Is tailored to student needs
Capitalizes on the local environment

Question 13

Errors

Answer 13

Slip - Errors of action

Mistake - Errors of thought

Question 14

Reducing Errors

Answer 14

DR CULT

DEVELOPING ROUTINES
RAISING AWARENESS: operating in conditions where errors are known to happen

CHECKING FOR ERRORS
USING REMINDERS: e.g., checklists
LEARNING AND PRACTICING
TAKING TIME: don’t rush, which can cause errors

Question 15

Types of Memory

Answer 15

SSL

Sensory: fire alarm
Short-Term
Long-Term

Question 16

Forgetting

Answer 16

RIFRS

RETRIEVAL FAILURE: simply the inability to retrieve information
INTERFERENCE: people forget something because a certain experience has overshadowed it
FADING: a person forgets information that is not used for an extended period of time
REPRESSION/SUPPRESSION: memory is pushed out of reach because the individual does not want to remember the feelings associated with it. Suppression is conscious.

Question 17

Retention

Answer 17

MR LAMP

Meaningful repetition
Recall prompted by association
Learning with all senses
Attitudes that are favorable aid retention
Mnemonics
Praise stimulates recall

Question 18

Transfer of Learning (two types)

Answer 18

POSITIVE - practice of rectangular course helps fly a traffic pattern

NEGATIVE - practice in making a landing approach in an airplane may hinder learning to make an approach in a helicopter OR training in a simulator hinders checklist usage