Focused Study Flashcards
You have a Helicopter Pilot who wants to Airplane Category added…what do you have to do?
- 63 (b) additional aircraft Category:
61. 129 (b) 50 hours in airplane
Max Ramp WT
3816
Max TO/LD WT
3800
Max Baggage
200 lbs
How does a normally aspirated engine affect Vmc?
As altitude increases, Vmc will decrease.
Piston engines will have less dense air at higher altitude, and thrust output will be decreased. This will decrease amount of rudder a pilot needs to apply if an engine is lost.
Tell me about the props on the PA44?
Constant Speed
Variable Pitch
Hydraulically Actuated
Full Feathering
Va at 3800 lbs
Va at 2870 lbs
135 @ 3800
115 @ 2870
Max CHT
500 deg F
LOW FUEL QTY warning and caution will come on when:
Warning - L or R fuel tank is less than 5 gal
Caution - L or R fuel tank is less than 10 gal
POH 3-3/3-5
Tell my about the wing design of the semionle?
Semi-tapered
Thinner towards tips
Reduces drag because the smaller wingtip = smaller wingtip vortexes, but can cause stall at tips first.
Washout added in cuff design to change angle of incidence
Tell me about the induction system on the PA44?
Induction Air Box for CARB allows:
1. Filtered induction air in from Right side of engine (when Carb HT handle off)
2. Unfiltered Heated induction air in from Left side of engine (when Carb HT handle ON)
…filtered air always for TO
…unfiltered air bypasses filter if its blocked
What PSI is Nitrogen held under in the Prop System?
33-41 PSI
Tell me about the Un-Feathering Accumulator
Nitrogen and Oil are stored under pressure 275-300 PSI in flight.
Governor blocks passage of oil from the Accumulator.
What kind of engines does the Seminole have?
Left: O-360 (fires 1-3-2-4) Right: LO-360 (fires 1-4-2-3) - 4 cylinder - Horizontally Opposed - Air Cooled - Direct Drive - 361 cubic inches of displacement - 180hp, 2700 rpm max, compression ratio 8.5:1
How long does it take to feather the prop?
accumulator equipped: 10-17 seconds
non-accumulator equipped: 6 seconds
How long does it take to Un-Feather the prop?
8-12 seconds
Why must you feather the prop before it drops below 950 rpm?
The Anti-Feathering Pins prevent feathering below 950!!
How does the prop maintain a constant speed?
- Pitch is changed by The Prop. Lever/Blade AOA with RW
- The prop lever/angle with RW changes pressure on the Speeder Spring, and tension on the Flyweights
- Change in tension causes the Pilot Valve to move
- This allows oil to move to/from the Prop Hub through the governor
Tell me about the Landing Gear on the Seminole. How does it operate? Switches?
- Electrically powered, hydraulically operated (MIL-H-5606 hydraulic fluid) - 600 psi to extend the gear - 1800 psi to retract the gear - L/R Squat Switches - 3 Up/Down Limit Switches
What does the Left Squat Switch control? (3 things)
- Prevents hydraulic gear pump from actuating if the master switch is turned on, while on the ground, therefore preventing gear retraction when on the ground (disconnected)
- Turns off gear horn on ground (disconnected)
On takeoff, when the landing gear oleo strut drops to its full extension, the safety switch closes to complete the circuit which allows the hydraulic pump to be activated to raise the landing gear when the gear selector is moved to the UP position.
What does the Right Squat Switch control? (2 things)
- No stall warning on ground (disconnected)
2. Runs mx hobbs when gear off gorund (connects)
Name 3 things that will trigger the Gear Warning horn
- Left Squat Switch (gear UP on ground)
- 14” MP or lower on 1 or both throttles
- 2nd notch of flaps with gear UP
What are a few limitations of the GFC 700 Autopilot (G1000)? There are 9
Cannot be used:
- Below 200’ AGL on Approaches
- DURING T/O or Landing
- Below 400’ AGL on T/O or Landing
- Below 1000’ AGL in Cruise
- With a fuel imbalance of 10 gals
- Below 80 KIAS (90 on IAPs)
- Above 190 KIAS
- For OEI Go-Arounds
What turns the landing gear pump OFF when gear is Retracted?
PSI reaching 1800!
How does a Governor work?
Supplies Oil at various pressures through the prop shaft to maintain constant speed/engine speed by varying the pitch of the prop in response to changing flight conditions
When checking propellers during run-up, why do you think we set the RPM to 1500?
- The max drop we are looking for is 500 RPM, and in the air the props will feather below 950 rpm?
What forces move the Propeller to a Low Pitch setting?
Primary: Oil
Secondary: Aerodynamic Twisting
What forces move the Propeller to a High Pitch setting?
Primary: Nitrogen
Secondary: Counterweights and Spring Forces
How long are AIRMETs, SIGMETs, and Convective SIGMETs valid for?
AIRMETS - valid 6 hours
WSs - valid 4 hours
WSTs - valid 2 hours
If there is inoperative equipment on an a/c with no MEL, what steps must you take?
- 213
- VFR Day type cert
- Kinds of Operations Lists
- 91.205
- ADs
What is Manifold Pressure?
Measure of the pressure of fuel/air mixture within the intake manifold (indicated in inches of Mercury)
What are the required inspections needed for an a/c to be Airworthy?
Annual VOR (every 30 days for IFR) 100 (for hire) Altimeter (24 cal months) Transponder (24 cal months) ELT (after half battery life, or 1 hour cumulative use)
Explain how progressive inspections work
- A/c rotated in and out of mx
- A few things are inspected at a time so a/c is not down for long periods of time
- Completion of all rotations in a 12 month period satisfies Annual Inspection!
As an a/c leaves Ground Effect, how are Vmc and Performance affected? Explain.
- Out of Ground Effect = Increased Vmc, Decreased Performance
- A/c must fly at a higher AOA out of ground affect which increases P-Factor on the Operative Engine and a/c yaw
- Downwash behind the wings is increased, deflecting air away from the rudder and decreasing effectiveness
What affect does Increased Density Altitude have on Vmc and Performance? Explain.
- Increased DA = Decreased Vmc, Decreased Performance
- Increasing DA reduces engine output, which lowers the amount of rudder input needed and therefore decreasing Vmc
Define Vmc
The calibrated airspeed at which, if the critical engine was suddenly made inoperative, it is POSSIBLE to maintain a/c control (straight flight at same airspeed with no more than 5 deg of bank) See FAR 23.149
What controls the propeller’s pitch and driving to high and low?
- Low: Oil Pressure is boosted to 275 psi by a pump in the governor, and Aerodynamic Twisting force assits
- High: Nitrogen charge of 33-21 psi, assisted by springs and counterweights (operating on Newton’s 3rd law)
What is the ONLY reliable engine instrument in the cockpit that you can use to identify which engine has failed?
- EGT! If the engine is not working, it will NOT be producing any exhaust
- Engine Page of MFD
When you secure the inop engine, what will MP read?
The ambient pressure of the atmosphere (“Hg)
What is the CALIBRATED airspeed of Vmc in the Seminole?
63 KCAS
56 KIAS
Why do we 0 side slip in single engine flight? How would only using ailerons, or only using rudder affect performance?
This achieves the best climb performance single engine! Opposite rudder deflection creates lateral lift on the tail to counteract yawing in to the inop. engine, and gives us the least amount of drag!
- Ailerons only = Around 8-10 degrees of bank, creating too much drag
- Rudder only = slipping through the air, unable to maintain straight flight path
What is the source of our Carb HT?
The exhaust manifold around cylinder 4
Oil quantity:
2 - 8 quarts (new)
Oil pressure send prop to ___Pitch and ___RPM
Low Pitch/High RPM
What role does the “Adjusting Worm” play in the prop governor system?
Controls tension on the speeder spring
- Prop control to High, Worm rotates clockwise, compresses Speeder Spring
- Prop control to Low, Worm rotates counter clockwise, allows Speeder Spring to expand
When using the electric Primer, which cylinders is fuel directed to?
Cylinders 1, 2, and 4
Tell me about the fuel pumps in the fuel system?
2 engine driven, located in back of each engine (new)
2 electrically driven, should be on for TO/LD
2 janitrol heater fuel pumps
2 accelerator pumps (one each CARB)
Fuel Selectors options and Limitations
ON, OFF, XFEED
- Do not operative with both selectors on XFEED
- Do not TO/LD with selectors on XFEED
- If one engine is inop. and one engine is on XFEED, the fuel selector for the inop engine must be OFF
Red gear unsafe light will illuminate when:
The gear is NOT in the fully retracted, or down and locked position.
- Down limit switches not active with gear handle DOWN
- Up limit switches not active with gear handle UP
When will the 3 Green gear lights illuminate?
When each of the down limit switches are contracted
The Hydraulic Reservoir may be accessed through:
a panel in the rear of the baggage compartment
Tell me about the Up Limit Switches?
Nose Gear:
- Up Limit switch shuts off the Janitrol Heater Blower when gear is retracted
- Turns off gear unsafe indication
Left and Right:
- Up Limit switch turns off gear unsafe indication
Tell me about the Down Limit Switches?
Nose, Left and Right:
- Provide 3 green indication when all are depressed
- Silence gear horn when engaged
- Turn off Hydraulic pump when engaged
Tell me about the Squat Switches?
Left Main Squat Switch:
- Prevents gear pump from activating on the ground
- Shuts off gear horn when gear is extended
Right Main Squat Switch:
- Prevents stall warning horn from activating while on the ground
- MX hobbs
Components of the Electrical System?
2 Alternators: 14V/70A
Main Battery: 12V/35A
Emergency Battery: isolated from EMER BUS by relay/isolation diode. A backup
Name the 6 Electrical Buses on the G1000:
(BATMAN)
- BATTERY BUS
- AVI 1 BUS
- TIE BUS
- MAIN BUS
- AVI 2 BUS
- Non-Essential BUS
Janitrol Heater uses fuel from ___ at a rate of ___gph
Left tank at 0.5pgh
What is Useful weight?
Max gross WT - BEW = Useful WT
When is the Ventilation Blower active?
During ground operation
(upon liftoff, a switch in the gear system shuts off blower)
- it also activates the ventilation blower which is an integral part of the combustion heater.
- A fresh air blower is installed in the overhead
ventilation to system to provide additional fresh air flow during ground ops
GTX 327 transponder will switch to ALT mode when:
configured for automatic standby switching, the mode will automatically change to ALT when a squat switch senses that the aircraft has become airborne.
Also, the mode will change to STBY automatically when a squat switch senses that the aircraft has touched down.
PA44 Engine Fire in Flight
Affected Engine: Fuel Selector - OFF Throttle - Close Prop - Feather Mixture - Cut Fuel Pump - OFF Cowl Flap - Open Airspeed - Forward to Extinguish
PA44 Engine Fire During Start
*Starter - Continue Cranking* Engine Starts: Keep Running Fuel Selector OFF Mixture CUT
Engine DOES NOT Start:
- Mixture CUT*
- Throttle FULL FWD*
- Starter CRANK*
If using the Manual Gear Extension, what procedure should you follow?
Follow the Checklist
- Note if you are using Manual Gear Extension due to battery depletion, 3 green indications will be inoperative
Whats that flexible looking pipe that sticks out from the Cowl Flaps underneath the Seminole engine cowling?
Per MX, it is the “Crankshaft breather/vent”
If one or two of the gear lights do not illuminate there are three possible reasons:
- The gear is not locked down.
- An annunciator light bulb is burned out.
- There is a malfunction in the indicating system.
Eligibility for adding Multi Class onto CFI cert?
61.183 18 English Commercial pilot cert with CAT (airplane) and CLASS (multi engine) rating Instrument rating Logbook endorsement 15 hours PIC in cat/class
Total Time on Air frame (TTAF)
14,667
