Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Foundation Biology > Focus on Microbiology > Flashcards

Focus on Microbiology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the two main types of cells discussed in the lecture?

A

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the primary focus of the lecture?

A

Bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

True or False: Most bacteria cause serious problems to humans.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

The classification and naming of living organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the two parts of a bacterial name?

A

Genus and species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the full name of E. coli?

A

Escherichia coli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

In bacterial nomenclature, which part is written first?

A

Genus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the three domains of life according to Carl Woese?

A

Bacteria, archaea, eukaryota

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What defines eukaryotic cells?

A

Contain a nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What defines prokaryotic cells?

A

Do not contain a nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What size range do bacteria typically fall within?

A

0.2 to 2 µm in diameter and 1-8 µm in length

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the main components of a bacterial cell?

A
  • Cell membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell wall (peptidoglycan)
  • Circular DNA
  • Plasmids
  • Ribosomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the process by which bacteria replicate?

A

Binary fission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Fill in the blank: Bacteria can be classified according to _______.

A

Morphology, mode of nutrition, pathogenicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What type of bacteria are cocci?

A

Round cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are bacilli?

A

Rod-shaped bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are spirilla?

A

Corkscrew-shaped bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are vibrios?

A

Comma-shaped bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the significance of extremophiles?

A

They thrive in extreme conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the singular form of cocci?

A

Coccus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What type of bacteria causes cholera?

A

Vibrio cholerae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the primary characteristic of archaea?

A

They are prokaryotic and often extremophiles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the different types of extremophiles based on environmental preferences?

A
  • Thermophiles (high temperature)
  • Psychrophiles (low temperature)
  • Barophiles (high pressure)
  • Acidophiles (acidic environment)
  • Alkaliphiles (alkaline environment)
  • Halophiles (high salt)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

True or False: Bacteria have membrane-bound organelles.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the study of fungi called?

A

Mycology

Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi, including their genetic and biochemical properties.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What domain of life do fungi belong to?

A

Eukaryota

Fungi are classified under the domain Eukaryota, which includes organisms with complex cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the two main types of fungi based on structure?

A
  • Unicellular yeasts
  • Multicellular molds

Fungi can exist in various forms, with yeasts being unicellular and molds being multicellular.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What type of cells are fungi classified as?

A

Eukaryotic cells

Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the network of hyphae called?

A

Mycelium

Mycelium is formed by a mass of hyphae and is often visible to the naked eye.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the reproductive structure of fungi from which spores can be released?

A

Sporangia

Sporangia are structures that produce and contain spores in fungi.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How do yeasts reproduce?

A

Budding

In budding, a parent cell forms a bud that eventually detaches to become a new organism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What type of nutrition do fungi primarily exhibit?

A

Decomposers

Fungi play a crucial role in ecosystems by breaking down dead matter.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the two types of spores produced by molds?

A
  • Asexual spores
  • Sexual spores

Asexual spores are formed from one organism, while sexual spores result from the fusion of cells from two organisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Fill in the blank: Fungi can be classified into four main groups: Chytridomycota, Basidiomycota, ________, and Zygomycota.

A

Ascomycota

These classifications are based on specific characteristics and reproductive methods of the fungi.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

True or False: Fungi can only reproduce asexually.

A

False

Fungi can reproduce both asexually and sexually.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are hyphae?

A

Long tubular thread-like filaments

Hyphae are the basic structural units of fungi and can grow to large sizes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the difference between septate and aseptate hyphae?

A
  • Septate: have cell walls (septa)
  • Aseptate: do not have cell walls

The presence or absence of septa affects the structure and function of the hyphae.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are protozoa?

A

Unicellular eukaryotes that can be free-living or parasitic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the size range of protozoa?

A

From 1 micrometer to several millimeters or more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What type of environments do protozoa generally inhabit?

A

Moist environments such as fresh water, marine environments, and soil

41
Q

How do protozoa obtain their food?

A

They are heterotrophic and cannot synthesize their own food

42
Q

What are the eight phyla in the kingdom protozoa?

A
  • Euglenozoa
  • Amoebozoa
  • Metamonada
  • Choanozoa
  • Loukozoa
  • Percolozoa
  • Microsporidia
  • Sulcozoa
43
Q

What is the most well-known mode of feeding for protozoa?

A

Phagocytosis

44
Q

What structure do Amoeba use to engulf their prey?

A

Pseudopodia

45
Q

What is osmotrophy?

A

A process where nutrients are absorbed through cell membranes

46
Q

What are the two main modes of locomotion for protozoa?

A
  • Pseudopodia
  • Cilia
  • Flagella
47
Q

How do protozoa reproduce asexually?

A

By binary fission

48
Q

What is a dormant stage that some protozoa can enter?

A

Cysts

49
Q

What is the proliferative phase of protozoa?

A

The active phase where they feed and reproduce

50
Q

Name a disease caused by Plasmodium falciparum.

A

Malaria

51
Q

What is the causative agent of Giardiasis?

A

Giardia duodenalis

52
Q

True or False: All protozoa are microscopic.

A

False

53
Q

What is the term for the mouth-like opening in some protozoa?

A

Cytostome

54
Q

Fill in the blank: Protozoa are classified as _______ eukaryotes.

A

unicellular

55
Q

What is the role of protozoa in ecosystems?

A

They are an important part of many ecosystems

56
Q

What type of protozoa help wood-eating termites digest complex sugars?

A

Symbiotic protozoa

57
Q

What is the term for protozoa that can survive in harsh conditions by forming cysts?

A

Dormant cyst stage

58
Q

Name an example of a protozoan that causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis.

A

Naegleria fowleri

59
Q

What are viruses considered in terms of their classification in the tree of life?

A

Viruses are not considered living things because they cannot reproduce independently.

60
Q

What is the primary structure of a virus composed of?

A

Nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat.

61
Q

What types of nucleic acid can be found in viruses?

A

DNA or RNA, but not both.

62
Q

What term is used to describe viruses that require a host’s cellular machinery to reproduce?

A

Obligate intracellular parasites.

63
Q

What is the size range of viruses in nanometers?

A

20-300 nm.

64
Q

What is a bacteriophage?

A

A virus that infects bacteria.

65
Q

What is the protein coat of a virus called?

A

Capsid.

66
Q

What term refers to the complete virus particle, including its protein coat and envelope (if present)?

A

Virion.

67
Q

What does cell tropism refer to?

A

The limited range of cell types that can support the reproduction of a particular virus.

68
Q

What is a zoonosis?

A

An infectious disease caused by a pathogen that has jumped from a non-human animal to a human.

69
Q

What is the primary reason why scientists did not identify viruses until the 20th century?

A

The development of the electron microscope and enhanced analytical techniques.

70
Q

What are the two types of proteins encoded by the viral genome?

A
  • Structural proteins
  • Non-structural proteins
71
Q

What major role do viruses play in disease?

A

They can destroy host cells, leading to disease symptoms.

72
Q

What is reverse transcriptase?

A

An enzyme that synthesizes a complementary DNA strand from RNA.

73
Q

What type of virus is HIV classified as?

A

Retrovirus.

74
Q

Fill in the blank: The disease caused by the novel coronavirus is known as _______.

A

Covid-19.

75
Q

True or False: Viruses can be visualized using a light microscope.

A

False.

76
Q

What do the terms ‘structural’ and ‘non-structural’ proteins refer to in the context of viruses?

A
  • Structural proteins: used to construct the virion
  • Non-structural proteins: often enzymes involved in attachment and replication
77
Q

What is the primary cause of the symptoms associated with viral infections?

A

The damage and destruction of host cells.

78
Q

What is the typical diameter of viruses in comparison to bacteria?

A

Viruses are approximately 100 times smaller than bacteria.

79
Q

What is the significance of the Chamberland-Pasteur filter in virology?

A

It was used to demonstrate that disease could be transmitted even when bacteria were removed from a sample.

80
Q

What is the main component of the viral envelope?

A

Lipoprotein or glycoprotein.

81
Q

What is the general range of genome sizes for viruses?

A

A few thousand nucleotides to 250,000 nucleotides.

82
Q

What does the term ‘obligate intracellular parasites’ imply about viruses?

A

They depend on living host cells for replication.

83
Q

What kind of microscopy is necessary to visualize viruses?

A

Electron microscopy.

84
Q

What is the primary function of light microscopy?

A

To use visible light to observe specimens

Light microscopy allows examination of whole microorganisms and their fine details.

85
Q

What are the main components of a light microscope?

A

A series of lenses and a light source

Light rays from an illuminator pass through a condenser, then to the objective lenses, and finally to the ocular lens.

86
Q

How is total magnification calculated in a compound microscope?

A

By multiplying the objective lens magnification by the ocular lens magnification

Most objective lenses come in magnifications such as 10X, 40X, and 100X.

87
Q

What is the highest resolution possible with a compound light microscope?

A

Approximately 0.2µm

Resolution is often the limiting factor for visualizing microorganisms rather than magnification.

88
Q

What is the purpose of immersion oil in microscopy?

A

To improve the resolving power of the lenses

The oil has the same refractive index as glass, preserving the direction of light rays.

89
Q

What technique is used to enhance contrast in specimens under a microscope?

A

Staining

Staining changes the refractive index of specimens, allowing for sharper images.

90
Q

What is the Gram staining technique used for?

A

To distinguish between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

Crystal violet dye binds more tightly to gram-positive cells due to their thick peptidoglycan layer.

91
Q

What color do gram-positive bacteria appear after Gram staining?

A

Purple

Gram-negative bacteria can be counterstained with safranin, appearing pink.

92
Q

Who first described phase contrast microscopy?

A

Frits Zernike

He introduced this technique in the 1930s.

93
Q

What does phase contrast microscopy exploit?

A

The difference in refractive index between cells and their surroundings

This creates a phase difference between light passing through the specimen and surrounding medium.

94
Q

What is one advantage of dark-field microscopy?

A

Superior resolution compared to bright-field or phase contrast microscopy

It is effective for observing microorganisms with flagella.

95
Q

True or False: The highest magnification for light microscopes is approximately 2000X.

A

True

Beyond this magnification, resolution tends not to improve.

96
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ lens is closest to the specimen in a light microscope.

A

[objective]

The ocular lens is the eyepiece that further magnifies the image.

97
Q

What is the role of a phase plate in phase contrast microscopy?

A

To increase the contrast of the image produced

It enhances the visibility of the specimen against its background.

98
Q

What type of microscopy results in a light specimen on a dark background?

A

Dark-field microscopy

This technique is useful for high-contrast images of specimens.

99
Q

What must be done to obtain a clear image under a compound light microscope?

A

Specimens must contrast sharply with their medium

Changing the refractive index of specimens through staining helps achieve this contrast.

Foundation Biology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions