Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Foundation Biology > Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

ATP is known as the energy currency of the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the primary function of ATP in the cell?

A

ATP serves as a phosphate group donor in the cell energy cycle

It carries chemical energy between metabolic pathways.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the components of ATP?

A
  • Nitrogenous base: adenine
  • Sugar: D-ribose
  • Phosphate groups: three

ATP is a member of the nucleotide family.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Who first isolated ATP and in what year?

A

Fiske and Subborow in 1929

More detailed information on ATP’s role emerged in the 1940s.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the concentration range of ATP in cellular water?

A

0.001M to 0.01M

This concentration is present in all plant, animal, and microbial cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the process of converting ADP to ATP called?

A

Phosphorylation

ATP is generated by the phosphorylation of ADP during the breakdown of high energy fuel molecules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the equation for the hydrolysis of ATP?

A

ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi

This reaction is energy-yielding, releasing energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the role of the enzyme ATP synthase?

A

Catalyzes the synthesis of ATP

This occurs in the mitochondria and chloroplasts during cellular respiration or photosynthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What model did Peter Mitchell propose regarding ATP synthesis?

A

Chemiosmotic model

He won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1978 for this work.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why is ATP considered a high-energy compound?

A

It has four negative charges closely packed, creating electrostatic stress

This stress is relieved when ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the central role of the ATP-ADP system?

A

Acts as an intermediate linking system in energy transformations in the cell

ATP transfers energy by donating a phosphate group to energy-requiring functions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Fill in the blank: ATP can be hydrolyzed during ______ processes.

A

biosynthetic

This is part of ATP’s role in linking energy-yielding and energy-requiring functions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

True or False: ADP is a lower energy arrangement than ATP.

A

True

Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP releases energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens when fuel molecules like glucose are metabolized?

A

Chemical energy is recovered by phosphorylation of ADP to ATP

ATP can then donate its energy to cellular processes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do ATP and ADP function in enzymatic reactions?

A

They are obligatory participants in nearly all enzymatic phosphate transfer reactions

This highlights their role as a shuttle for phosphate groups.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

A series of cellular metabolic processes where energy is harvested from glucose, stored as ATP for cellular activities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

The first metabolic pathway discovered, breaking down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the two phases of glycolysis?

A
  • Preparatory phase
  • Pay-off phase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How many steps are there in glycolysis?

A

Ten steps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the net gain of ATP from glycolysis?

A

2 ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

In the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the fates of pyruvate under anaerobic conditions?

A
  • Reduction to lactate
  • Alcohol fermentation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the role of enzymes in glycolysis?

A

They catalyze reactions, lowering the activation energy required for the reactions.

25
Q

What happens to pyruvate in the link reaction?

A

It is converted to acetate by decarboxylation and dehydrogenation, forming acetyl-CoA.

26
Q

What are the overall products of the Krebs cycle for each acetyl-CoA?

A
  • 1 ATP
  • 3 NADH
  • 1 FADH2
  • 2 CO2 (waste)
27
Q

What is the electron transport chain?

A

A series of proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane that transfer electrons and pump protons to generate ATP.

28
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

The movement of ions across a semi-permeable membrane down an electrochemical gradient.

29
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

A

Oxygen

30
Q

How many ATP molecules are produced from one NADH molecule?

A

Approximately 2.5 ATP

31
Q

How many ATP molecules are produced from one FADH2 molecule?

A

Approximately 1.5 ATP

32
Q

What is the total ATP yield from the complete process of cellular respiration including glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain?

A

Approximately 28 ATP

33
Q

True or False: Glycolysis occurs in the mitochondria.

A

False

34
Q

Fill in the blank: Glycolysis is the breaking down of glucose into __________.

A

two molecules of pyruvate

35
Q

What is the purpose of cellular respiration?

A

To convert biochemical energy from nutrients into ATP, and release waste products.

36
Q

What are the key metabolites produced from glycolysis?

A
  • 2 Pyruvate
  • 2 NADH
  • 2 ATP (net gain)
37
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

The process whereby light energy is transformed into chemical energy to make organic molecules, with the release of oxygen to the atmosphere.

38
Q

Which organisms are capable of performing photosynthesis?

A

Plants, algae, and cyanobacteria.

39
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

Organisms that are unable to produce their own food and rely on carbohydrates produced by photosynthetic organisms for energy.

40
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place in plants?

A

In the leaves, specifically within chloroplasts found in the mesophyll layer.

41
Q

What is the main pigment involved in photosynthesis?

A

Chlorophyll.

42
Q

What are the two main stages of photosynthesis?

A
  • Light-dependent reactions
  • Light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle).
43
Q

What do light-dependent reactions produce?

A
  • ATP
  • NADPH
  • Oxygen.
44
Q

What is the role of RuBisCO in photosynthesis?

A

It catalyses the reaction between CO2 and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) in the Calvin cycle.

45
Q

What is photolysis?

A

The splitting of water molecules during the light-dependent reactions, which produces oxygen and H+ ions.

46
Q

What is the function of stomata in leaves?

A

They are pores used for gas exchange, allowing CO2 to enter and O2 to leave the leaf.

47
Q

Fill in the blank: The light-independent reactions occur in the _______.

A

stroma.

48
Q

True or False: The light-independent reactions require light to occur.

A

False.

49
Q

What is the significance of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

A

It absorbs certain wavelengths of light and captures energy from sunlight.

50
Q

What is the final product of the Calvin cycle?

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P), which can be used to form glucose.

51
Q

What are thylakoids?

A

Disc-shaped structures within chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll and are involved in the light-dependent reactions.

52
Q

What is a granum?

A

A stack of thylakoids within a chloroplast.

53
Q

What is the role of NADPH in the light-independent reactions?

A

It provides the reducing power to convert 3-phosphoglycerate into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.

54
Q

What is the basic equation for photosynthesis?

A

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2.

55
Q

List the three main phases of the Calvin cycle.

A
  • Fixation
  • Reduction
  • Regeneration.
56
Q

What do the light-dependent reactions use to generate ATP?

A

Energy from excited electrons passed through a chain of electron carriers.

57
Q

What is the maximum light absorption wavelength for Photosystem I?

A

700 nm (P700).

58
Q

What is the maximum light absorption wavelength for Photosystem II?

A

680 nm (P680).

59
Q

What is the purpose of the electron transport chain in photosynthesis?

A

To transfer energy from excited electrons to pump H+ ions and produce ATP.

Foundation Biology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions