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Study 2 > Flying > Flashcards

Flying Flashcards

1
Q

Is flight density higher or lower then water?

A

Lower. 800 fold

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2
Q

What is the main issue when moving through air?

A

Weight

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3
Q

What do wings do?

A

Support lift and weight and over come drag

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4
Q

Is the Re number high and what forces dominate?

A

Yes and inhertia forces

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5
Q

What does the angle of attack do?

A

Allows air to pass through the airfoils

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6
Q

What are chambers?

A

Measure of the airfoils curvature

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7
Q

What does a chamber do?

A

Allows airfoils to create greater velocity differential

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8
Q

What does velocity differential do?

A

Pressure differential

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9
Q

What is lift?

A

Pressure differential causes a net upward force that acts perpendicular to airflow

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10
Q

What are flow patterns?

A

Shows a circular component of airflow

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11
Q

How are vortecies shed?

A

By circulation development along the wing at at the tip

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12
Q

How can vortecies be seen?

A

By adding illuminated practical seeded into the air

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13
Q

How to make greater lift?

A

Increase in airflow and circulation larger wingspan

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14
Q

Where does drag act?

A

Parallel to air flow

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15
Q

What does increasing the angle of attack do?

A

Increases lift

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16
Q

What happens when angle of attack is at 45°

A

Lift decreases and drag increases. Will cause a stall

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17
Q

What can controlled stalling do?

A

Sharp reduction in circulation and flow allows bird to land

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18
Q

What does rapid flapping do?

A

Can delay stalling for take off and landing

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19
Q

What else does flapping do?

A

Flapping causes a forward component which alters airflow in the direction the animal is going. Has a lift and forward component which overcomes drag

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20
Q

Negative lift

A

Air is above the wing/ symmetrical airfoils which will reverse circulation

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21
Q

What is aspect ratio?

A

Tip to tip length of wings in ratio to body

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22
Q

Long narrow wings are?

A

High AR

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23
Q

Short stubby wings are?

A

Low AR

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24
Q

Advantages of low AR

A

Decrease in I’m just and increase in maneuverability. Seen in diving seabirds

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25
Q

What is wing loading?

A

Area of wingspan in proportion to body

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26
Q

What is wing platform area?

A

Area exposed to airflow

27
Q

Why is changing wing area important?

A

Helps birds and bats with landing and maneuverability

28
Q

What does collapsing the wing do?

A

During upperstroke reduces drag and avoids negative lift

29
Q

Low wing loading?

A

Large slow wings

30
Q

High wing loading?

A

Small fast wings

31
Q

Why do bats operate with low wing loading?

A

Increases maneuverability

32
Q

What helps overcome drag when flying?

A

Induced drag, body drag and profile drag

33
Q

What is body drag?

A

Resistance to airflow over the body

34
Q

What is profile drag?

A

Results from pressure and skin friction drag operating on the wings

35
Q

Induced drag?

A

Low AR wings achieve lower drag performance by the circulation being shed at the tip as a vortex

36
Q

What does gliding flight represent?

A

Unpowered flight. Little metabolic energy is used

37
Q

What do gliders do?

A

Transform potential energy into aerodynamic work

38
Q

What is equilibrium gliding?

A

Lift and drag forces act on the wing to balance the weight and descend at a constant speed

39
Q

What birds perform equilibrium gliding?

A

High AR

40
Q

What does minimizing the angle of attack do?

A

Maximizes distance in gliding

41
Q

What are areobal gliders?

A

Squirrels etc

42
Q

What do areobal gliders do?

A

Take off in vertical and horizontal directions and continuously change their gliding angle to help control their landing.

43
Q

What AR do areobal gliders have?

A

Low AR

44
Q

What is parashunting?

A

When a glide angle exceeds 45°

45
Q

Can heavy gliders be a problem?

A

Yes because they travel faster. Tend to be lightweight

46
Q

What is soaring?

A

Specialised gliding where animals take advantage of energy from environment

47
Q

What is static soaring?

A

Involves slope and thermal soaring

48
Q

Advantages of soaring?

A

Saves 65% of energy and good survalance for prey

49
Q

What is slope soaring?

A

A guys of wing from up a hill or over a cliff face. Provides energy to keep the bird aloft

50
Q

What is thermal soaring?

A

Vultures and hawks utilize the energy from rising hot air. Warm air rises as a vortex ring. The hot air within the vortex rises quickly

51
Q

How do bird use thermal soaring?

A

By gliding in a circular motion with the upward current of air and gain altitude

52
Q

What is dynamic soaring?

A

Involves the use of energy from the velocity gradient of air on the surface of the sea or land. Used by seabirds

53
Q

How do seabirds take advantage of velocity gradient of air?

A

By flying in a spiral path descending downwards to gain velocity.

54
Q

How does the spiral path work?

A

By defending downwards at high speed then turning on the oceans surface to fly upwards and turning using kinetic energy gained.

55
Q

What does low wind velocity at the sea surface do?

A

Allows birds to reduce drag and fly upwards

56
Q

What happens when the bird begins to asked from the sea surface?

A

A gust of wind gains more altitude before starting the spiral flight pattern again

57
Q

What does the downward stroke do in vertebrates?

A

Fully extends the wing and produces the work needed for weight and thrust

58
Q

How do hummingbirds and bees hover?

A

By rotating the wing during the upstroke to reverse the orientation so further thrust can be generated.

59
Q

What did humming birds evolve?

A

Shoulder and wrist articulations that allows them to change their wing to positive angle of attack during upstroke

60
Q

What else have birds and bats evolved?

A

Flex in the wing which reduces drag and negative lift during upstroke

61
Q

What is the shape of the wing stroke for hovering?

A

Horizontal figure of 8

62
Q

What is the shape for slow fight?

A

Left down diagonal figure of 8

63
Q

What is the shape for fast flight?

A

Left down diagonal circular motion

Study 2 (6 decks)

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