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RADT 171 - Phys. 2 > Fluoroscopy > Flashcards

Fluoroscopy Flashcards

1
Q

_________ uses a continuous beam of x-rays to create images of the movement of internal structures that can be viewed on a monitor.

A

Fluoroscopy

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2
Q

_____ imaging is accomplished with fluoroscopy as opposed to radiography.

A

Dynamic

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3
Q

The process that the exit radiation from the anatomic area of interest interacts with the input phosphor for conversion to visible light, which are converted to electrons by a photocathode, then focused by electrostatic focusing lenses, and accelerated toward an anode to strike the output phosphor is:

A

Image intensification

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4
Q

The ___________ consists of a light-emitting material (like cesium iodide) to absorbs x-rays and emits light.

A

input phosphor

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5
Q

This part of the image intensifier absorbs light and converts light to electrons.

A

photocathode

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6
Q

This is measured in cd/m2/mR/s.

A

conversion factor

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7
Q

The formula for brightness gain is:

A

brightness gain = minification gain × flux gain.

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8
Q

When operated in magnification mode, the electrostatic lenses have ________ voltage.

A

increased

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9
Q

A disadvantage of using magnification mode during fluoroscopy is:

A

the patient receives additional dose.

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10
Q

Vidicon refers to a type of:

A

camera tube

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11
Q

Increasing the mA is the way to correct a fluoroscopic image that has:

A

noise

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12
Q

When the electron beam in the camera travels back and forth across, from the top to bottom, it is moving in a _____ pattern.

A

raster

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13
Q

The CCD’s electrical charge from the capacitors is sent to the:

A

display monitor

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14
Q

The fiber-optic bundle or optical lens system is used to:

A

link the output phosphor and camera or CCD.

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15
Q

When using the mobile C-Arm unit, the x-ray tube should be positioned under the patient and the image intensifier above the patient because:

A

reduce radiation exposure to operator.

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16
Q

The newest fluoroscopy systems use a flat-panel detector in place of the:

A

image intensifier

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17
Q

What feature has replaced automatic brightness control (ABC) on newer fluoroscopic units?

A

Automatic exposure rate control (AERC)

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18
Q

_____ reduces the number of images each second, decreases patient dose, and reduces the visibility of patient motion.

A

pulsed fluoroscopy

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19
Q

Fluoroscopic equipment should be inspected every:

A

6 months

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20
Q

Who invented the fluoroscope?

A

Thomas Edison

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21
Q

What is the primary job of the image intensifier?

A

To increase brightness

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22
Q

Light emitted by the input phosphor is directly proportional to:

A

How many x-rays it receives

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23
Q

flux gain x minification gain =

A

brightness gain

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24
Q

T/F: Fluoroscopy is lower in mA than radiographic mode.

A

True

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25
Q

Coated with light emitting crystals to absorb electrons and emit light:

A

output phosphor

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26
Q

Digital fluoroscopy is improved by:

A

CCD

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27
Q

T/F: When a CCD is exposed to light, it generates and briefly stores light energy.

A

False

28
Q

The ratio of the size of the input phosphor versus the size of the output phosphor

A

minification gain

29
Q

Maximum mA station for fluoroscopy

A

5 mA

30
Q

Emitting electrons from a light source

A

Photoemission

31
Q

Focuses electrons toward the anode

A

Electrostatic lenses

32
Q

Accelerates electrons to send to the output phosphor

A

Anode

33
Q

Converts electrons into light photons

A

Output phosphor

34
Q

What is the input phosphor made of?

A

Cesium iodide

35
Q

What is the output phosphor made of?

A

Zinc Cadmium sulfide

36
Q

Converts light back to electrical signal

A

Charged coupled device (CCD)

37
Q

Collects electrical signal and sends it to the ADC (analog to digital converter)

A

Charged coupled device (CCD)

38
Q

Converts to digital signal

A

Analog to digital converter (ADC)

39
Q

The ratio of light photons at the output phosphor divided by the number of input x-ray photons

A

flux gain

40
Q

The total number of light photons produced by each electron

A

flux gain

41
Q

T/F: Magnification mode increases the input phosphor size

A

False

42
Q

Magnification mode increases:
A. Spatial resolution
B. Contrast resolution
C. Image Brightness
D. Patient Dose

A

A, B, and D

43
Q

Smaller input size = [increased/decreased] dose

A

increased

44
Q

converts x-rays to light using a flat panel detector (FPD)

A

Cesium Iodide Scintillator

45
Q

Converts light to electrons using a FPD

A

Photodiode

46
Q

Collects electrical signal using a FPD

A

Thin film transistor (TFT)

47
Q

Smaller DELs = [increased/decreased] spatial resolution

A

increased

48
Q

The loss of shape at the edges of the fluoro image

A

Pincushion artifact

49
Q

reduction of an image’s brightness or saturation toward the periphery compared to the image’s center

A

Vignetting

50
Q

Image in a fluoroscopic system to distort with an ‘S’ shape

A

S shape distortion

51
Q

The exposure switch in fluoro

A

Dead Man Switch

52
Q

Allows the image to be saved, reducing the need for another exposure

A

Last image hold (LIH)

53
Q

T/F: Electrons emitted from the photocathode are directly proportional to the intensity of light that reaches the photocathode

A

True

54
Q

Formula to find minification gain

A

(diameter of input phosphor/diameter of output phosphor)^2

55
Q

Output phosphor illumination/input exposure rate

A

Conversion factor

56
Q

Distortion of image-intensified fluoroscopic image that appears as unequal magnification is

A

pincushion appearance

57
Q

In image-intensified fluoroscopy, shape distortion is caused by:

A

the curved shape of the photocathode.

58
Q

The CCD’s electrical charge from the capacitors is sent to the:

A

display monitor

59
Q

Because the DELs of a flat-panel detector are arranged in a grid pattern (uniform columns and rows), they do not exhibit:

A

pincushion artifacts and S distortion artifacts

60
Q

Which of the following C-arm advancements can provide both static and dynamic images along with 2D and 3D during surgical procedures?

A

O-arm

61
Q

Adjusting the collimator without exposing the patient to additional radiation is known as:

A

virtual collimation

62
Q

Photoemission occurs at the:

A

Photocathode

63
Q

T/F: The ABC can be slow in responding, seen as a brief delay in the brightness adjustment.

A

True

64
Q

T/F: When using magnification mode, the fluoroscopist needs to manually set the exposure factors higher to compensate for the reduced diameter input phosphor.

A

False

65
Q

What is essentially the sum total of air kerma over the exposed area of the patient’s body surface?

A

dose area product

66
Q

Which of the following are types of ionizing radiation that produce virtually the same biologic effect for equal absorbed doses in body tissue?

A

X-rays, beta particles, and gamma rays

67
Q

T/F: In fluoroscopy, pulse rate is the number of exposures per second.

A

True

RADT 171 - Phys. 2 (10 decks)

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