Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ASforP > Fluids electrolyte and acid base imbalances > Flashcards

Fluids electrolyte and acid base imbalances Flashcards

1
Q

What substances can pass freely through the cellular membrane?

A

Water
Hydrogen ions
Carbon dioxide
Oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the four main ways fluid and solutes can move across membranes?

A

Filtration - movement of water down pressure gradients
Diffusion - movement of solutes down concentration gradient
Osmosis - movement of water up solute concentration gradient
Active transport - Solute using carrier energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is tonicity?

A

The ability of an extracellular solution to make water move into or out of a cell by osmosis

Hypertonic solutions will cause a net flow of water out of the cell

Hypotonic solutions will cause a net flow of water in to the cell

Isotonic solutions will have no effect.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

Osmolarity describes the total concentration of solutes in a solution.

A solution with a low osmolarity has fewer solute particles per liter of solution, while a solution with a high osmolarity has more solute particles per liter of solution.

When solutions of different osmolarities are separated by a membrane permeable to water, but not to solute, water will move from the side with lower osmolarity to the side with higher osmolarity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is an electrolyte?

A

An atom which carries a charge when dissolved in water.

Inorganic molecules (which may have no charge) split into their constituent electrolytes when dissolved in water e.g. NaCl to Na+ and Cl-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the importance of sodium in fluid balance?

A

Sodium is one of the most abundant cations in the body, it regulates water exchange between intracellular and extracelluar spaces. “Where sodium goes, water follows”.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the importance of sodium in acid base balance?

A

It forms a component of the circulating buffer, sodium bicarbonate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do blood buffers regulate pH?

A

They are solutions that resist dramatic changes in pH when large amounts of solutes are added with a neutralising reaction taking place in the same solution.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the symptoms of hyponatraemia?

A

Anorexia, nausea, cramps
Fatigue, lethargy, muscle weakness
Headache confusion, seizures
Hypotension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the symptoms of hypernatraemia?

A

Thirst, dry and sticky tongue/mucosa
Weakness, lethargy, agitation
Oedema
Hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where is most potassium in the body found?

A

98% is found inside the cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the functions of potassium?

A

Neuromuscular function and converting glucose into glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are cellular potassium levels regulated by?

A

Insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the sodium potassium pump assisted by?

A

Insulin and adrenaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What can hypokalaemia cause?

A

Decrease in skeletal muscle function
GI disturbances
Alterations in cardiac rythym

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What can hyperkalaemia cause?

A

Hyperstimulation of neural cell transmission potentially leading to cardiac arrest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the principle cation needed for bone growth?

A

Calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the function of calcium other than bone regulation?

A

Assists in the functioning of heart muscle, nerves and cell membranes
Assists with blood clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How does hypocalcaemia affect nerve cells?

A

Leads to overstimulation causing:
Skeletal muscle cramps
Abdominal cramps
Carpal-pedal spasms
Hypotension
Vasoconstriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How does hypercalcaemia affect nerve cells?

A

Understimulation leading to:
Skeletal muscle weakness
Lethargy
Ataxia
Vasodilation (flushed skin)

21
Q

What is the primary buffer used in all body fluids?

A

Sodium bicarbonate

22
Q

What is the purpose of chloride?

A

Mainly responsible for regulation of stmach pH
Also contributes to regulation of extracellular fluid balance

23
Q

Who is dehydration more of a problem for, why?

A

Children and the elderly as they struggle to replace fluid volume as quickly

24
Q

Why are dehydrated patients not just given water?

A

Water loss is often accompanied by electrolyte loss, replacing fluids alone is often insufficient.

25
Q

What are the symptoms of moderate dehydration?

A

Dry mouth
Lethargy
Muscle weakness
Headache
Dizziness

26
Q

What are the symptoms of severe dehydration?

A

Sunken eyes or shrivelled skin
Hypotension
Tachycardia
Delerium
Unconsciousness

Ultimately death

27
Q

What is acidity?

A

The acidity of a solution determines its ability to form a reaction with various metals and bases and to produce salts.

28
Q

What is the difference between respiratory acidosis/alkalosis and metabolic acidosis/alkalosis?

A

Respiratory acidosis/alkalosis stems from an issue with the carbon dioxide produced from respiration i.e. too much or too little

Metabolic acidosis/alkalosis stems from an issue with the bicarbonate and hydrogen ion levels in the body i.e. too much or too little

In all cases the levels of CO2, HCO and H will change but the definition depends on the route of the cause.

29
Q

How much of the male and female bodies are made of water, why is it different?

A

Men 63%
Women 52%

The differences between the sexes is due to the fact that females have more adipose tissue, which contains little water, while males have more muscle tissue, which contains a great deal of water

30
Q

What are the two major compartments fluid is distributed into, and what makes them up?

A

Intracellular fluid compartment: Cells
Extracellular fluid: Interstitial fluid, blood/plasma, lymph

31
Q

What proportion of fluid is distributed in the intracellular and extracellular compartments?

A

Intracellular - 63%
Extracellular - 37%

32
Q

What drives fluid into lymphatic vessels?

A

Hydrostatic pressure

33
Q

What regulates fluid movement in and out of cells?

A

Osmosis

34
Q

How does the Na/K pump affect osmosis?

A

The Na+/K+ Pump results in sodium and potassium ions acting as impermeant solutes, and creates an osmotic pressure

35
Q

What categorises organic molecules?

A

Carbon atoms (Carbon-hyrogen or carbon-carbon bonds)

36
Q

What types of acids are present in the body?

A

Fixed acids (Do not leave solution) e.g. sufuric acid, phosphoric acid
Organic acids

37
Q

What causes respiratory acidosis?

A

A decrease in alveolar respiration i.e. an increase in PaCO2, resulting in a decrease in pH and a slight increase in HCO3-

For example:
Respiratory depression
COPD
Restrictive lung diseases
Airway obstruction
Pulmonary oedema
Cardiac arrest
Neuromuscular issues

38
Q

What causes respiratory alkalosis?

A

An increase in alveolar respiration relative to body CO2 i.e. a decrease in PaCO2, resulting in an increase in pH and a decrease in H+

For example:
Hyperventilation (e.g. Anxiety)
Hypoxaemia
Pneumothorax
Ventilation-perfusion inequality
Hypotension
High altitude

39
Q

What causes metabolic acidosis?

A

A gain in H+ as fixed acid (or loss of HCO3-), resulting in a decrease in pH and HCO3-

For example:
Increased acid production
Bicarbonate loss (e.g. diarrhea)
Decreased ability of the nephron to excrete fixed acid

40
Q

What causes metabolic alkalosis?

A

A loss of H+ as fixed acid (or gain in HCO3-), resulting in an increase in pH and HCO3-

For example:
Vomiting
Loop and thiazide diuretics
Barter and Gitelman syndromes (conditions characterized by renal salt-wasting)
Intracellular shift of H+
Primary hyperaldosteronism

41
Q

How do adjustments in ventilation create rapid changes to pH?

A

It produces quick changes in CO2 levels, CO2 can cross membranes rapidly resulting in quick change.

42
Q

How do the kidneys regulate pH?

A

By changing the rate of H+ and HCO3- secretion and re-absorption in the kidneys (responding to pH changes in the plasma)

43
Q

Why must the pH of the renal tubule be maintained above 4?

A

A lower pH would allow the H+ to rush back in as fast as it is pumped out

44
Q

What are the dependant and independant variables of body pH?

A

The body is an almost limitless pool of H ions and bicarbonate ions, these are not the causes of the change in acidity. These are dependent variables.

Independent variable include:
CO2
Total weak acids present (most important one is albumin)
Strong Ion difference

45
Q

What is the function of albumin?

A

Oncotic pressure: Maintains oncotic pressure within the vessels

Transport: Facilitates the transport of many other substances (bilirubin, metals, ions, amino acids, free fatty acids, hormones, phospholipids, enzymes)

Antioxidant: Albumin is also a free radical scavenger

46
Q

What can cause high albumin?

A

Infection
Burns
Stress to the system
Dehydration

47
Q

What can cause low albumin levels?

A

Malnutrition
Poor absorption in the GIT
Renal losses
Inflammatory disorders
Long term high dose corticosteroids use
Pregnancy
Dilution of the blood with IV fluids

48
Q

What are strong ions?

A

Any anion or cations that completely dissociate in solution

ASforP (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions