Fluids and Solids: Mechanics Flashcards by Taylor Walker

Equation: Mass Density

density (rho) = mass/ Volume = m / V

SI Unit: kg / m^3

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Density of liquid water

1000 kg / m^3

1 * 10^3 kg / m^3

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ratio of the density of a substance to the density of liquid water
use to figure out what percent of a substance will float above water
object will sink if this value is > 1
object will float if this value is

specific gravity

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Equation: Specific Gravity

S.G. = density of substance / density of liquid water 
S.G. = density of substance / (1000 kg / m^3)

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Force acting over a unit area

pressure

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Equation: Pressure

Pressure (P) = Force / Area = F / A

SI Unit = N / m^2 = Pascal (Pa)

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Equation: Fluid Pressure

P = density * g * y
SI Unit = N / m^2 = Pascal (Pa)
Note: d = density of the fluid; g = 10 m/s^2; y = depth below the surface

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According to Pascal’s Law, when pressure is increased at any point in the contained fluid, the increase is distributed _______ through the fluid.

uniformly

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Equation: Total Pressure of open container

P(t) = P (fluid) + P (atm)
SI Unit = N / m^2 = Pascal (Pa)
Note: If container is open to the atmosphere, the atmospheric pressure must be considered

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The magnitude of the buoyant force is equal to the _______ of the fluid displaced

weight

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Equation: Buoyant Force: F(b)

F(b) = density of fluid * V * g
SI Unit = Newtons (N)
Note: V = submerged volume of the object

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the strong upward force that a fluid applies to any object that is partially or completely immersed in it
equals weight of the fluid displaced

Buoyant Force

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When determining how an object will behave in a fluid, compare the _______ of the two objects.

Densities

i.e. set up specific gravity ratio! Buoyant force does not describe how an object will behave in a fluid

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transverse waves that can travel through a vacuum

all move through a vacuum at the same speed (speed of light, c)

electromagnetic waves

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Speed of light / electromagnetic wave in a vacuum (c)

c = 3 * 10^8 m/s

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Equation: Velocity of an electromagnetic wave

v = frequency * wavelength
SI Unit = m / s
Note: f = frequency (Hz); wavelength in m

type of wave on the electromagnetic spectrum
longest wavelength (700 nm)
lowest frequency
lowest energy
color = red

radio waves

type of wave on the electromagnetic spectrum
shortest wavelength (400 nm)
highest frequency
highest energy
color = purple

gamma rays

Order of electromagnetic waves in electromagnetic spectrum (shortest wavelength/highest f and E&raquo_space;» longest wavelength / lowest f and E)

gamma rays
x-rays
ultra-violet
visible
infrared
microwaves
radio waves

area just outside the visible spectrum
slightly shorter wavelength
slightly higher frequency and E

ultraviolet waves

area just outside the visit spectrum
slightly longer wavelength
slightly lower frequency and E

infrared waves

Visible light increases in FREQUENCY (and energy, decreases in wavelength) in the order of ______

ROYGBIV

wavelengths are often expressed in nanometers (nm), which =

1 nm = 10^-9 meters

wavelengths are measured between ________ and ______.

crest and crest

trough and trough

maximum displacement of an electromagnetic wave

amplitude

electromagnetic wave that moves parallel to the direction of the propagation of the wave

longitudinal wave

electromagnetic wave that moves perpendicular to the direction of the wave

transverse wave

two waves of the same frequency can have different ________ and can be "in" or "out" of ___

phases | in phase or out of phase

if the crest of one wave coincides with the crest of the other, then waves are said to be ________

in phase

90º out of phase means that one wave is _____ wavelength ahead of the other one

1/4 wavelength

180º out of phase means that one wave is _____ of a wavelength ahead of the other i.e. a crest of one wave meets with the trough of the other

1/2 wavelength

360º out of phase means that one wave is ______ wavelength offset. This is the same as being "in phase"

one complete wavelength

waves that are in phase experience this type of interference two crests meet at the same point in space the amplitude of the resulting wave is the sum of the individual amplitudes

constructive interference

a crest of one wave and a trough of another meet at the same point in space; the amplitude of the resulting wave is the difference of individual amplitudes complete __________ is when the amplitudes are equal and 180º out of phase

destructive interference

waves in which the positions of maximum and zero displacement are fixed

standing waves

for a standing wave in a pipe with both sides open, the length of the pipe = ______

1/2 * wavelength

What will occur if two waves are 1/2 of a wavelength out of phase?

Destructive interference Note: At the point in space at which one wave has a peak, the other will have a trough. If the two waves are 180º out of phase, they will show destructive interference