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fluids Flashcards

1
Q

percent of neonate body weight is fluid

A

70-83%

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2
Q

percent of older adult body weight is fluid

A

45%

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3
Q

intracellular fluid

A

70% of total fluid
40% of total body weight

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4
Q

extracellular fluid

A

30% of total fluid
20% of total body weight

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5
Q

third spacing

A

fluid where it should not be

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6
Q

excess of interstitial fluid

A

edema

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7
Q

what are the components of blood?

A

RBCs
WBCs
platelets
plasma

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8
Q

55% of total blood volume

A

plasma, the liquid component

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9
Q

5 functions of body fluids

A
  • transport
  • maintain pressure
  • regulate temperature
  • medium for chemical reactions for metabolism
  • remove waste
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10
Q

osmosis

A

movement of WATER from LOWER concentration to HIGHER concentration until equilibrium

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11
Q

diffusion

A

movements of solutes from area of HIGHER concentration to disperse out

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12
Q

active transport

A

requires energy for movement of substances through the cell membrane from LESSER solute concentration to HIGHER solute concentration

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13
Q

capillary filtration

A

passage of fluid through a permeable membrane from area of HIGHER to LOWER concentration

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14
Q

type of pressure that mostly occurs at the arterial end

A

hydrostatic pressure

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15
Q

type of pressure that mostly occurs at the venous end

A

osmotic (colloid) pressure

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16
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

the force exerted by the fluid present within the blood capillaries against the capillary wall

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17
Q

osmotic pressure

A

the force exerted by proteins, like albumin, in the blood plasma

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18
Q

what will the body secrete when there is a fluid overload?

A

BNP
ANP

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19
Q

what does increased BNP indicate?

A

heart failure

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20
Q

the three sources of fluid

A
  • ingested liquids
  • food
  • byproduct of metabolism
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21
Q

sensible losses

A

observable
- urine
- feces
- perspiration

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22
Q

insensible losses

A

not readily observable
- expired breath
- cutaneous transpiration

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23
Q

fluid type that has the same tonicity as blood plasma

A

isotonic fluid

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24
Q

types of isotonic fluids

A
  • 0.9% sodium chloride
  • lactated ringers
  • dextrose 5% (D5W)
  • D5N5
25
Q

0.9% sodium chloride

A

normal saline

26
Q

lactated ringers

A

contains electrolytes: sodium, potassium, calcium, & chloride

27
Q

D5W

A

when the dextrose is used, the body is going to change into hypotonic since it is now more like water

28
Q

D5N5

A

considered isotonic, but a little more on the hypertonic side because it has dextrose & normal saline

29
Q

the only fluid used when giving blood or blood products

A

normal saline

30
Q

what pts should you monitor closely when giving an isotonic fluid?

A

hx of heart failure & renal failure

31
Q

fluid type that has less tonicity than blood plasma

A

hypotonic fluid

32
Q

what are hypotonic fluids used for

A
  • hypertonic dehydration
  • hypernatremia
  • to increase urine output
33
Q

hypotonic fluid action

A

causes water to shift into the body cells

34
Q

types of hypotonic fluids

A
  • 0.45% sodium chloride
  • D5W
35
Q

0.45% sodium chloride

A

half normal saline

36
Q

emergency situation for someone receiving a hypotonic fluid

A

cerebral edema

37
Q

fluid type that has greater tonicity than blood plasma, stays in the intravascular space

A

hypertonic fluid

38
Q

hypertonic fluid action

A

causes water to shift out of the cells through osmosis

39
Q

what are hypertonic fluids used for

A

decrease cellular swelling
treat hyponatremia
in the instance of cerebral edema

40
Q

hypertonic fluid types

A
  • 3% sodium chloride
  • 5% sodium chloride
41
Q

what must you monitor when giving a hypertonic fluid

A

pulmonary edema

42
Q

colloid fluid type

A

colloids are large molecules that cannot cross over the semipermeable membrane of the vasculature; causes water to shift back into vasculature, thus increasing BP

43
Q

what are colloid fluids used for

A

hypotensin
plasma expansion

44
Q

colloid fluid types

A
  • dextran in N5
  • hespan
  • albumin
45
Q

dextran in N5 or D5W

A

made of glucose and polymers

46
Q

hespan

A

made from starch

47
Q

albumin

A

produced by the liver

48
Q

possible indication that the liver is not working properly

A

abdominal ascites

49
Q

colloid fluid nursing considerations

A

not a permanent fix
very expensive

50
Q

how many ml of liquids should an individual have per day

A

2600 ml/day

51
Q

how much urine output per hr

A

30 ml/hr

52
Q

why is it important to measure daily body weight?

A

making sure pt is not retaining fluid

53
Q

hypovolemia

A

fluid depletion

54
Q

hypervolemia

A

fluid volume excess

55
Q

symptoms of hypovolemia

A
  • dizzy/ light-headed
  • urine output decreased
  • orthostatic hypotension
  • tachycardia
  • BUN slightly increased
  • lethargy, confusion, flat neck veins, dry mucous membranes
56
Q

signs of hypovolemia in pediatrics

A

less tears & sunken fontanelles

57
Q

symptoms of hypervolemia

A
  • bounding HR
  • increased BP
  • increased body weight
  • anxiety, restlessness
  • increased JVD
58
Q

causes of fluid volume excess

A
  • heart failure
  • kidney failure
  • cirrhosis
  • increased salt intake
  • excessive fluid intakes
  • medications, like steroids
  • malnutrition

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