fluids Flashcards
percent of neonate body weight is fluid
70-83%
percent of older adult body weight is fluid
45%
intracellular fluid
70% of total fluid
40% of total body weight
extracellular fluid
30% of total fluid
20% of total body weight
third spacing
fluid where it should not be
excess of interstitial fluid
edema
what are the components of blood?
RBCs
WBCs
platelets
plasma
55% of total blood volume
plasma, the liquid component
5 functions of body fluids
- transport
- maintain pressure
- regulate temperature
- medium for chemical reactions for metabolism
- remove waste
osmosis
movement of WATER from LOWER concentration to HIGHER concentration until equilibrium
diffusion
movements of solutes from area of HIGHER concentration to disperse out
active transport
requires energy for movement of substances through the cell membrane from LESSER solute concentration to HIGHER solute concentration
capillary filtration
passage of fluid through a permeable membrane from area of HIGHER to LOWER concentration
type of pressure that mostly occurs at the arterial end
hydrostatic pressure
type of pressure that mostly occurs at the venous end
osmotic (colloid) pressure
hydrostatic pressure
the force exerted by the fluid present within the blood capillaries against the capillary wall
osmotic pressure
the force exerted by proteins, like albumin, in the blood plasma
what will the body secrete when there is a fluid overload?
BNP
ANP
what does increased BNP indicate?
heart failure
the three sources of fluid
- ingested liquids
- food
- byproduct of metabolism
sensible losses
observable
- urine
- feces
- perspiration
insensible losses
not readily observable
- expired breath
- cutaneous transpiration
fluid type that has the same tonicity as blood plasma
isotonic fluid
types of isotonic fluids
- 0.9% sodium chloride
- lactated ringers
- dextrose 5% (D5W)
- D5N5
0.9% sodium chloride
normal saline
lactated ringers
contains electrolytes: sodium, potassium, calcium, & chloride
D5W
when the dextrose is used, the body is going to change into hypotonic since it is now more like water
D5N5
considered isotonic, but a little more on the hypertonic side because it has dextrose & normal saline
the only fluid used when giving blood or blood products
normal saline
what pts should you monitor closely when giving an isotonic fluid?
hx of heart failure & renal failure
fluid type that has less tonicity than blood plasma
hypotonic fluid
what are hypotonic fluids used for
- hypertonic dehydration
- hypernatremia
- to increase urine output
hypotonic fluid action
causes water to shift into the body cells
types of hypotonic fluids
- 0.45% sodium chloride
- D5W
0.45% sodium chloride
half normal saline
emergency situation for someone receiving a hypotonic fluid
cerebral edema
fluid type that has greater tonicity than blood plasma, stays in the intravascular space
hypertonic fluid
hypertonic fluid action
causes water to shift out of the cells through osmosis
what are hypertonic fluids used for
decrease cellular swelling
treat hyponatremia
in the instance of cerebral edema
hypertonic fluid types
- 3% sodium chloride
- 5% sodium chloride
what must you monitor when giving a hypertonic fluid
pulmonary edema
colloid fluid type
colloids are large molecules that cannot cross over the semipermeable membrane of the vasculature; causes water to shift back into vasculature, thus increasing BP
what are colloid fluids used for
hypotensin
plasma expansion
colloid fluid types
- dextran in N5
- hespan
- albumin
dextran in N5 or D5W
made of glucose and polymers
hespan
made from starch
albumin
produced by the liver
possible indication that the liver is not working properly
abdominal ascites
colloid fluid nursing considerations
not a permanent fix
very expensive
how many ml of liquids should an individual have per day
2600 ml/day
how much urine output per hr
30 ml/hr
why is it important to measure daily body weight?
making sure pt is not retaining fluid
hypovolemia
fluid depletion
hypervolemia
fluid volume excess
symptoms of hypovolemia
- dizzy/ light-headed
- urine output decreased
- orthostatic hypotension
- tachycardia
- BUN slightly increased
- lethargy, confusion, flat neck veins, dry mucous membranes
signs of hypovolemia in pediatrics
less tears & sunken fontanelles
symptoms of hypervolemia
- bounding HR
- increased BP
- increased body weight
- anxiety, restlessness
- increased JVD
causes of fluid volume excess
- heart failure
- kidney failure
- cirrhosis
- increased salt intake
- excessive fluid intakes
- medications, like steroids
- malnutrition
