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Pharmacology Final > Fluid Therapy > Flashcards

Fluid Therapy Flashcards

1
Q

What percent of the body is made up of water?

A

60%

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2
Q

What percent of the body’s water is intracellular?

A

40%

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3
Q

What percent of the body’s water is extracellular?

A

20%

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4
Q

Of the body’s extracellular water, how much is intravascular?

A

1/4

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5
Q

Of the body’s extracellular water, how much is interstitial?

A

3/4

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6
Q

What physical exam findings would you assess for hydration/dehydration?

A

skin turgor, CRT, MM color

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7
Q

What is mild dehydration?

A

~5%, minimal loss of skin turgor, semidry mucous membranes, normal eyes

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8
Q

What is moderate dehydration?

A

~8%, moderate loss of skin turgor, dry mucous membranes, weak rapid pulses, sunken eyes

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9
Q

What is severe dehydration?

A

~10%, considerable loss of skin turgor, tachycardia, extremely dry mucous membranes, weak/thready pulses, low blood pressure, at 12%, sunken eyes and altered level of consciousness

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10
Q

How is hydration deficit calculated?

A

% dehydration (as a decimal) x wt in kg = ___ L (volume in liters)

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11
Q

How are maintenance fluids calculated?

A

kg x 40-60ml/kg/day = ml/day
ml/day + estimated ongoing losses (V/D) + hydration deficit = ml/day
ml/day divided by 24 hours = ml/hour

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12
Q

What 3 values need to be known to calculate a fluid rate?

A

hydration deficit, maintenance needs, ongoing losses

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13
Q

Shock blouses are given at ___________ in dogs.

A

80-90ml/kg

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14
Q

Shock boluses are given at ___________ in cats.

A

50-55ml/kg

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15
Q

How are boluses calcuated?

A

kg x ml/kg = ml total to give

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16
Q

How should boluses be given?

A

give 1/4 of total amount then reassess

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17
Q

If 50% of shock bolus is not causing significant improvement, what can be added to fluids to help?

A

a colloid

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18
Q

What fluids are appropriate for SQ fluids?

A

use isotonic crystalloids only

19
Q

What are the signs of overhydration?

A

increased respiratory rate, increased lung sounds/crackles on lung auscultation, pitting edema, increased blood pressure, chemosis, body weight increase of more than 10 percent

20
Q

What is the drip rate for a micro drip set?

A

60 drops/ml

21
Q

What is the drip rate for a macro drip set?

A

15 drops/ml

22
Q

Which fluids are crystalloids?

A

Normosol R, Plasmalyte, Physiologic saline, Lactated Ringers

23
Q

What kind of crystalloids are Normosol R, Physiologic saline, and Lactated Ringers?

A

isotonic crystalloids

24
Q

Which fluids are colloids?

A

hetastarch, dextran 70, oxyglobin, plasma, albumin, whole blood

25
Q

What type of colloids are hetastarch, dextran 70, and oxyglobin?

A

synthetic colloids

26
Q

What type of colloids are plasma, albumin, and whole blood?

A

natural

27
Q

Once given, where do crystalloids go in the body?

A

they enter all body fluid compartments

28
Q

When are isotonic crystalloids used?

A

shock, vomiting, diarrhea, pancreatitis

29
Q

When are hypotonic crystalloids used?

A

can be used to treat hypernatremia or conditions where sodium retention is a problem, not suitable for hypovolemic shock

30
Q

When are hypertonic crystalloids used?

A

useful in treating shock and intracranial edema

31
Q

Most isotonic crystalloids leave the __________________ space within 30 minutes.

A

intravascular space

32
Q

Hypotonic fluids hydrate the ________________ space.

A

extracellular space

33
Q

Hypertonic fluids cause fluid to move out of the ______________________.

A

interstitial space/intracellular space into the intravascular space

34
Q

Which isotonic crystalloid shouldn’t be used in liver disease?

A

Lactated Ringers

35
Q

Colloids contain _____________________________.

A

large molecules that work to hold fluid in the vasculature

36
Q

How is volume of blood transfusion calculated?

A

Volume to transfuse= 90ml/kg (dog) or 60ml/kg (cat) X weight in kg X (desired PCV minus patient PCV divided by PCV of donor blood)

37
Q

What is the maximum time a blood transfusion should be completed in?

A

4 hours

38
Q

When are colloids used?

A

to treat anemia

39
Q

What should blood transfusion be started at?

A

rate started slowly, 1ml/kg for 10-15 minutes

40
Q

What is a blood transfusion increased to after a slow start?

A

2ml/kg/hr

41
Q

Sodium bicarbonate is added to fluids to correct ____________.

A

metabolic acidosis

42
Q

Why do we add potassium to fluids?

A

supplement for potassium deficits or prevent potassium deficits

43
Q

Why should calcium be given slowly IV?

A

can cause cardiac arrythmias, arrest and hypotension

Pharmacology Final (8 decks)

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