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A&P Exam 4 > Fluid & Electrolytes > Flashcards

Fluid & Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

Total body water (as a percent of body mass) _____ from birth to old age.

A

declines

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2
Q

_____ is ~ 65% water by weight, while _____ is only ~ 20% water by weight: the relative proportion of these tissues controls the proportion of the body that is composed of water.

A

Muscle; adipose tissue OR fat

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3
Q

In a relatively lean individual, about 2/3 of their body water is _____, and roughly 1/3 is _____.

A

intracellular; extracellular

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4
Q

Extracellular fluid consists of fluid in two compartments: _____ and _____.

A

interstitial fluid; blood plasma

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5
Q

_____ fluid is a broad term which is usually taken to include CSF, serous fluid, lymph, etc.

A

Interstitial

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6
Q

Substances which are dissolved in the body’s fluid are divided into two classes: _____, which ionize, and _____, which do not ionize. Ions, of course, are able to _____.

A

electrolytes; non-electrolytes; conduct an electric current

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7
Q

Because it dissociates into two particles in solution, a mole of NaCl contributes more to _____ than a mole of glucose. Such dissociation is common to many electrolytes and must be considered when calculating the _____.

A

osmotic pressure; tonicity of a solution

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8
Q

When ions are dissolved in solution, their concentration is often measured in _____, which is a measure of the number of _____ per _____. (NOTE: be able to convert from moles per liter to this unit if given the charge of an ion.)

A

milliequivalents; charges; liter

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9
Q

The major cation in extracellular fluid is _____, and the major anions are _____ and _____.

A

sodium; chloride; bicarbonate

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10
Q

The only cation in the extracellular fluid which makes an important contribution to osmotic pressure is _____.

A

sodium

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11
Q

Under the conditions normally found in the body, most proteins have a net _____ charge and so are _____ .

A

negative; anions

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12
Q

The major cation in intracellular fluid is _____, and the major anions are _____ and _____.

A

potassium; hydrogen phosphate; negatively charged proteins

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13
Q

The volume of intracellular fluid is determined in large part by the osmolarity of the _____, which is in turn determined primarily by the _____ content of the body.

A

extracellular fluid (ECF); sodium

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14
Q

Water loss which is unavoidable (due to evaporation from the lungs during breathing, etc.) is _____ water loss.

A

insensible

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15
Q

_____ water loss accounts for about 1/3 of the daily water loss (and water lost must, of course, be replaced).

A

Insensible

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16
Q

Water lost in _____ and _____ accounts for roughly 1/10 of the daily water loss (which needs to be replaced).

A

feces; sweat

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17
Q

Water lost in _____ accounts for almost 2/3 of the daily water loss (which needs to be replaced).

A

urine

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18
Q

Changes in _____ is the primary trigger for release of ADH and for the sensation of thirst.

A

plasma osmolarity

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19
Q

_____ in plasma osmolarity inhibit the release of ADH and prevent the sensation of thirst.

A

Declines

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20
Q

The primary sensors for hydration which control conservation of water or the sensation of thirst are the _____ in the _____.

A

osmoreceptors; hypothalamus

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21
Q

The secondary sensors for hydration which sense changes in the body’s hydration severe enough to cause changes in blood volume, are the _____ cells in each _____.

A

juxtaglomerular OR JG; kidney

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22
Q

It takes so long for liquid to be absorbed from the stomach that drinking until plasma osmolarity is correct would result in _____. For this reason, thirst must be quenched in response to sensations from the _____ and _____.

A

over-hydration; mouth; stomach

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23
Q

Consumption of water leads to abrupt declines in thirst to prevent over-hydration as liquid is consumed, but when insensible loss or sweating is unusually severe, this may lead to a(n) _____.

A

inadequate fluid intake

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24
Q

_____ and _____ can cause dysregulation of the thirst response and lead to an inadequate intake of water.

A

Illness; old age

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25
Q

Because urine can only be concentrated to a certain point, the minimal daily water loss through urine in an average adult is approximately _____.

A

500 ml

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26
Q

The insensible water loss and the minimal daily water loss through urine are together called the _____ water loss. Drinking at least this amount is necessary on a daily basis.

A

obligatory

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27
Q

Water stored with glycogen inside of cells enters the ECF when _____; in addition, water is a product of _____. However, most water must be obtained by ingestion.

A

the glycogen is used for energy; oxidative phosphorylation;

28
Q

If insufficient water is consumed, the result is _____. Many of the consequences are due to the fact that the cells themselves lose _____. Common causes are _____ or _____.

A

dehydration; water; vomiting; diarrhea

29
Q

The earliest sign of dehydration is often simply _____, followed in healthy individuals by _____, _____ and decreased _____.

A

fatigue; dry mouth, thirst, urine output

30
Q

ADH is released when the hypothalamus senses a(n) _____.

A

slight increase in plasma osmolarity

31
Q

In order to respond to sudden events such as blood loss, signals from sensors in the _____ respond to low blood pressure by triggering the release of ADH. Such signals are also sent if the drop in blood pressure is due to _____.

A

blood vessels; severe dehydration

32
Q

When ADH levels are _____, filtered water is reabsorbed, resulting in a lower volume of concentrated urine.

A

high

33
Q

Over-hydration may dilute the ECF enough that osmotic pressure will force water to enter cells; _____ cells are the most sensitive. _____ is possible and disorientation, convulsions, and death may result.

A

neuronal; Cerebral edema

34
Q

Over-hydration is generally caused by _____ or _____.

A

renal insufficiency; extremely rapid fluid intake

35
Q

Edema is the accumulation of fluid in _____, which may impair tissue function.

A

the interstitial space

36
Q

Factors that may cause _____ include inflammation, osmotic imbalances, high blood pressure, and impaired lymphatic function.

A

edema

37
Q

The level of sodium in the blood is described with the word, ‘_____.’

A

natremia

38
Q

If the sodium content of the body changes, so does the _____. Thus, the concentration of sodium _____.

A

water content; does not change

39
Q

The hormone _____ controls sodium resorption, and a deficiency in this hormone leads to a severe sodium loss.

A

aldosterone

40
Q

Since aldosterone secretion is controlled by angiotensin II, which is in turn controlled by renin, aldosterone release is indirectly controlled by the _____ cells, which produce the renin.

A

juxtaglomerular OR JG

41
Q

Aldosterone secretion is also controlled by the _____ level in the blood, which is sensed directly by the _____.

A

potassium; adrenal cortex

42
Q

The heart produces _____ in response to high blood pressure. This hormone reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting release of ADH, renin, and aldosterone, and by directly causing vasodilation.

A

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

43
Q

The female sex hormone _____ also promotes sodium resorption and thus water retention. In contrast, the female sex hormone _____ has the opposite effect.

A

estrogen; progesterone

44
Q

High levels of glucocorticoids enhance sodium _____, but often have little net effect on sodium retention because they also increase _____, which accelerates sodium excretion.

A

resorption; glomerular filtration

rate

45
Q

The level of potassium in the blood is described with the word, ‘_____.’

A

kalemia

46
Q

Any change in extracellular ion concentrations which _____ the difference in potential across the membrane of an excitable cell makes it more likely that the cell will depolarize, and more difficult to repolarize.

A

decreases

47
Q

Any change in extracellular ion concentrations which _____ the difference in potential across the membrane of an excitable cell makes it less likely that the cell will depolarize, and easier to repolarize.

A

increases

48
Q

One of the dangers if blood pH falls too low is that as positive hydrogen ions enter the cells, _____ may leave to maintain electrical neutrality, resulting in an increase in _____.

A

K+; extracellular potassium

49
Q

In contrast to sodium, for which levels in the body are controlled by the amount _____, levels of potassium are controlled by the amount _____.

A

resorbed; secreted

50
Q

In general, we consume _____ potassium, and the main function of the kidneys is to _____ potassium. In contrast, we are poorly equipped to deal with a(n) _____.

A

too much; eliminate excess;

deficiency

51
Q

Secretion of potassium is controlled by two factors: one is by its _____, which is sensed by the _____ in the _____.

A

concentration in the IF; principal cells; collecting duct

52
Q

Secretion of potassium is controlled by two factors: one is by the hormone _____, which is released by the _____ when the level of potassium in the blood is high. This hormone causes potassium to be exchanged with sodium in the urine.

A

aldosterone; adrenal glands OR adrenal cortex

53
Q

The level of calcium in the blood is described with the word, ‘_____.’

A

calcemia

54
Q

The major reservoir for calcium in the body is the _____.

A

skeleton

55
Q

The most important mineral in bone is the insoluble _____.

A

calcium phosphate

56
Q

As renal resorption of _____ increases, resorption of hydrogen phosphate (HPO 2-) 4 decreases in order to avoid formation of an insoluble precipitate in blood and tissue or in urine.

A

calcium

57
Q

The most important hormonal control of calcium homeostasis is _____ hormone, which is released by the _____ in response to _____ calcium levels.

A

parathyroid; parathyroid glands; low

58
Q

In the kidneys, parathyroid hormone leads to calcium _____ in the _____, which depends on the calcium-ATPase pump.

A

resorption or reabsorption; DCT

59
Q

In the small intestine, parathyroid hormone causes an increase in calcium absorption due to the _____ by the _____.

A

activation of vitamin D; kidneys

60
Q

In the skeleton, parathyroid hormone causes _____ to _____ bone and release calcium into the blood.

A

osteoclasts; dissolve

61
Q

A minor influence on calcium concentration in blood is the hormone _____, which is released by the _____ and which encourages bone formation.

A

calcitonin; thyroid

62
Q

The amount of chloride in the blood is described by the word _____.

A

chloremia

63
Q

_____ is the major anion in the ECF, and is a contributor to the osmotic pressure of the blood.

A

Chloride

64
Q

An upper limit to the concentrations of most anions in the blood is provided by the _____: excess levels cannot be resorbed and are lost in the urine.

A

carrying capacity of the transport proteins in the nephrons

65
Q

Chloride and bicarbonate both have a(n) _____ charge. Chloride is usually resorbed in the DCT of the kidneys, but if the body needs to resorb more bicarbonate to maintain blood pH, the kidneys _____ in order to _____.

A

negative; resorb less chloride; maintain electrical neutrality

A&P Exam 4 (8 decks)

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