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A&P Exam 4 > Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

_____ (this singular form of this word is _____), the gametes produced by the female, are
produced by the _____.

A

Ova; ovum; ovaries

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2
Q

The ovaries are within the _____, 3-4 cm to each side of the medial plane and just above
the level of the pubis.

A

abdominopelvic cavity

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3
Q

All of the internal female reproductive organs, including the ovary, are held in place by the
_____, which is part of the peritoneum. The part of this which anchors the ovary itself is
the _____.

A

broad ligament; mesovarium

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4
Q

An extension of the broad ligament projects from the top of the ovary to the pelvic wall,
and is called the _____. It forms a tube which surrounds the _____. The bottom of the
ovary is anchored to the uterus by the _____.

A

suspensory ligament; ovarian

blood vessels; ovarian ligament

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5
Q

The ovary itself consists of two regions with _____ boundaries: the central medulla and
the outer cortex. Each ovary is surrounded by the firm and fibrous _____ and a layer of
simple cuboidal epithelia, the _____.

A

imprecise; tunica albuginea;

germinal epithelium

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6
Q

Blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves all travel directly to the _____ of the ovary.

A

medulla

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7
Q

The ovarian cortex contains many _____, millions of which are formed before birth by
division of the _____ as _____ begins. Unlike the male, gamete formation in females
takes many years.

A

primary oocytes; oogonia;

oogenesis

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8
Q

The primary oocytes are arrested in _____ . Only hundreds of the
original millions will ever progress through the remainder of the cycle.

A

prophase I

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9
Q

The primary oocytes become surrounded by _____ shortly after their formation; the
resulting structure is called a(n) _____. In the adult, hundreds of thousands of these can
be observed in the _____; the rest of the original millions have died.

A

a single layer of follicle cells;
primordial follicle; ovarian
cortex

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10
Q

_____ follicles can be dormant for decades. They are very small. The oocyte is
surrounded by a single layer of squamous cells.

A

Primordial

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11
Q

After puberty and through middle age, cyclic hormonal changes control a roughly _____
day _____ cycle. (The exact length varies.) It includes a few days of mild
bleeding, the onset of which is easily noted and is thus designated as _____.

A

28; menstrual; day 1

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12
Q

Ovarian follicles which have matured to the _____ stage are several mm in diameter, and
cause the ovary to look like a small bag of marbles.

A

Graafian follicle

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13
Q

Ultimately, one Graafian follicle reaches full maturity. The primary oocyte completes
_____ to form a small _____ and a larger _____ which, along with a cluster of cells from
the cumulus mass, the _____, are released when the follicle ruptures.

A

meiosis I; polar body;
secondary oocyte; corona
radiata

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14
Q

Although it may undergo one more cell division, the _____ is destined to die. The
secondary oocyte needs all of the nutrient-containing cytoplasm in case fertilization
occurs.

A

first polar body

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15
Q

The rupture of a Graafian follicle and release of the secondary oocyte is called _____.

A

ovulation

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16
Q

On very rare occasions, two follicles mature and rupture together. Conception and birth
resulting from these events gives rise to _____.

A

non-identical (fraternal) twins

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17
Q

The cells of the dominant Graafian follicle which remain in the ovary after ovulation
increase in size and form a yellow endocrine gland called the _____. This secretes _____
(and a relatively small amount of _____).

A

corpora luteum; progesterone;

estrogen

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18
Q

If pregnancy occurs, the corpora luteum is maintained until _____; if not, it degenerates in
roughly _____ and forms a small white scar, the _____.

A

the placenta is functional; 14

days; corpus albicans

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19
Q

The time prior to ovulation is the _____, named for the developing Graafian follicles, and
the time following it, the _____, named after the _____.

A

follicular phase; luteal phase;

corpus luteum

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20
Q

The secondary oocyte which was released during ovulation is carried by the _____ away
from the ovary and toward the _____. (Each ovary has such a structure leading away from
it.)

A

fallopian tube OR uterine tube

OR oviduct; uterus

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21
Q

Although the uterine tubes widen to form the _____, a funnel-shaped region near the
ovary, and this possesses fingerlike structures called _____ which surround the ovary,
there is _____ between them. Some oocytes are lost into the _____.

A

infundibulum; fimbriae; no
contact; abdominal (peritoneal)
cavity

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22
Q

The surface of the fimbriae which faces the ovary is _____, and the motion of the cilia
greatly increases the odds that the oocyte will follow the correct path

A

ciliated

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23
Q

The longest region of the uterine tube is the wide _____; it is here that the sperm and
oocyte usually meet.

A

ampulla

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24
Q

Until and unless the secondary oocyte meets a sperm, it remains in _____. If it does meet
a sperm, it continues division and a mature _____ (already fertilized!) and a(n) _____
result.

A

meiosis II; ovum; polar body

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25
Q

The walls of the uterine tube are _____ and the inner surface is _____; the oocyte is
propelled actively toward the uterus. The inner surface also contains secretory cells which
secrete _____ and _____.

A

muscular; ciliated; lubricating

mucus; nutrients

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26
Q

The outermost layer of the uterine tubes is _____, continuous with the _____. The uterine
tube is held in place by a division of the _____ called the mesosalpinx.

A

serosa; peritoneum; broad

ligament

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27
Q

From the uterine tube, the oocyte - whether it has been fertilized or not - enters the _____
of the uterus, the uppermost largest region. From there it proceeds to the _____ of the
uterus; if fertilization has occurred, this is where it is likely to stay.

A

fundus; body

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28
Q

The uterus is a highly muscular organ, supported by a portion of the _____ ligament, as
well as the _____ ligament at the cervix, the _____ ligament in the back, and the _____
ligaments in the front (which actually leave the abdominal cavity and wrap around the
pubis to reach the genitals)

A

broad; lateral cervical;

uterosacral; round

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29
Q

The outermost layer of the uterus is the _____; the thick muscular layer the _____; and
the inner layer the _____, which includes a region that grows thicker in preparation for
pregnancy, and is then discarded if no pregnancy occurs.

A

perimetrium; myometrium;

endometrium

30
Q

The _____ of the uterus is a small, donut-shaped gateway, closed by mucus to protect
the uterus until ovulation makes conception possible.

A

cervix

31
Q

At the same time that the follicle is maturing, the uterus is preparing itself for _____ ‘just in
case.’

A

pregnancy

32
Q

The endometrium of the uterus has two layers: the _____ is the functional layer, which
cyclically grows thicker and develops a rich blood supply, then dies back. Farther from the
lumen of the uterus is the _____, from which the functional layer grows.

A

stratum functionalis; stratum

basalis

33
Q

Although the ‘menstrual cycle’ generally refers to all of the cyclic reproductive changes which occur in the young adult female, the phrase is sometimes used to refer specifically to the ____.

A

uterine cycle

34
Q

Because it is easy to identify without ambiguity, the first day of the uterine cycle is the day
on which the _____ of the endometrium begins to be shed, emerging from the vagina
together with blood in a process called _____.

A

stratum functionalis;

menstruation

35
Q

Approximately the first _____ days of the uterine cycle constitute the _____ phase, during
which the surface of the endometrium is shed and discarded via the vagina.

A

5; menstrual

36
Q

During the first few days of the menstrual cycle, follicles within the ovary are beginning to
mature, and as they do they secrete _____. As the follicles get larger, the levels of this
hormone rise, and the endometrium of the uterus responds by _____.

A

estrogens; growing thicker

37
Q

The phase of the uterine cycle during which the stratum functionalis of the uterus is
growing thicker is the _____. It begins around day _____ and lasts for roughly _____
days.

A

proliferative phase; 6; 8

38
Q

The proliferative phase of the uterine cycle ends when _____, secreted by the corpus
luteum after ovulation, signals the endometrium that pregnancy could occur at any
moment. The stratum functionalis is converted to a(n) _____ in response.

A

progesterone; secretory

mucosa

39
Q

The phase of the uterine cycle following ovulation is the _____ phase, and corresponds to
the _____ phase of the ovarian cycle. Its starting date varies somewhat, since the time of
ovulation varies, but it lasts almost exactly _____ days.

A

secretory; luteal; 14

40
Q

During the secretory phase of the uterine cycle, _____ within the endometrium develop
and begin secreting fluid which contains glycogen, which could serve as fuel for the
embryo until it can obtain it from the mother.

A

spiral glands

41
Q

If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum degrades and so progesterone levels fall.
Without progesterone, the _____ (which supply blood to the endometrium) spasm and
the _____ dies. Ultimately, these spasms cause the dying tissue to detach.

A

spiral arteries; stratum

functionalis

41
Q

If fertilization has not occurred, the egg will eventually be washed into the lower region of
the uterus, the _____, and from there through the _____, then the _____, and finally out
of the body.

A

isthmus; cervix; vagina

41
Q

The vagina is a thin tube which connects the cervix to the exterior of the body. It consists
of three layers; the luminal _____, the _____, and the innermost _____.

A

mucosa; muscularis; adventitia

41
Q

Despite the name of the luminal layer, the vagina lacks mucous glands: mucus is provided
by the _____, and an acid environment which discourages the growth of pathogens is
maintained by _____.

A

cervix; symbiotic bacteria

41
Q

The outer opening of the vagina is sometimes closed or partially closed at birth by a
membrane called the _____. (The presence of this membrane varies from person to
person.)

A

hymen

41
Q

The upper end of the vagina extends upward to surround the cervix, forming a recess
called the _____.

A

vaginal fornix

41
Q

After ovulation, the conversion of the remaining follicle cells to the corpus luteum is
stimulated by _____.

A

luteinizing hormone (LH)

41
Q

The secretion of estrogens by ovarian follicles is a two part process: _____ stimulates the
theca interna to produce androgens, and _____ stimulates the granulosa cells to convert
androgens to estrogen.

A

FSH; LH

41
Q

FSH and LH release are controlled by _____, which is produced by the _____.

A

gonadotropin releasing
hormone (GnRH);
hypothalamus

41
Q

Secretion of both FSH and LH is stimulated by a very high level of _____, so that as the
follicles reach maturity, the FSH and LH levels _____. The surge in LH levels triggers
_____.

A

estrogen; surge; ovulation

41
Q

After ovulation, one of the hormones released by the corpus luteum, _____, has a direct
negative effect on LH and FSH release.

A

inhibin

41
Q

In developed countries, menstruation generally begins between the ages of 11-12: the
exact age depends on many factors including _____. The first menstrual cycle is called
_____.

A

nutrition; menarche

41
Q

The menstrual cycle does not continue throughout a woman’s life: it generally stops in
middle age, in a process or condition called _____.

A

menopause

41
Q

The vagina opens into an indentation called the _____. It is immediately posterior to the
opening of the _____.

A

vestibule; urethra

41
Q

The vestibule is flanked on either side by thin folds of sensitive skin called the _____
(each one is a single _____). These meet anteriorly to form the _____, a hoodlike
covering for the _____, which is the center for much of a female’s sexual sensation.

A

labia minora; labium minus;

prepuce; clitoris

41
Q

The clitoris contains two tubes of erectile tissue (as does the penis in the male), the
_____. Although much smaller, the clitoris, like the male penis, becomes erect. Thus
usually results only in an increase in _____, not in _____.

A

corpora cavernosa; diameter;

length

41
Q

Deep within the vestibular floor, on either side of the vagina, erectile tissue corresponding
to the male’s corpora spongiosum is found. Each of these (one on each side) is a(n)
_____.

A

bulb of the vestibule

41
Q

On either side of the vestibule lie greater and lesser _____, which produce lubricating fluid.

A

vestibular glands

42
Q

On either side of the labia minora are the _____ (each one is a single _____), which are
large ridges filled with adipose tissue. In most positions (although it varies from person to
person), these meet and thus enclose the deeper structures.

A

labia majora; labium majus

43
Q

The region of the perineum lying between the vagina and the anus is the _____, so-called
because it is often torn or cut during childbirth.

A

clinical perineum

44
Q

The area immediately anterior to the labia major (and continuous with them) is the _____,
named because it is essentially a small hill of adipose tissue resting on the pubis.

A

mons pubis

45
Q

Taken together, the external female genitalia are often referred to as the _____.

A

vulva

46
Q

During puberty, development of secondary sexual characteristics in the female is
stimulated by _____.

A

estrogen

47
Q

The function of the _____ is to provide milk for the newborn. Although present in both
genders, their development is dependent on the hormone _____, and so it does not
normally occur in males.

A

mammary glands or breasts;

estrogen

48
Q

In non-lactating women, most of the breast’s mass is composed of _____. The _____,
which actually produces the milk, enlarges during lactation, however.

A

adipose tissue; mammary gland

49
Q

Each mammary gland consists of 15-25 cone shaped _____; the point of each cone lies
within the nipple. Milk that is produced in each is secreted through a private _____ duct
which opens on the nipple’s surface.

A

lobes; lactiferous

50
Q

Each lobe within a mammary gland contains smaller _____; when a woman is lactating,
these contain glandular _____ which produce milk. (These structures are collapsed and
dormant in the absence of lactation.)

A

lobules; alveoli

51
Q

The mammary glands are surrounded by adipose tissue and held in place by a netlike set
of ligaments called the _____. (Over time, the weight of the breasts can cause these
ligaments to permanently stretch.)

A

Cooper’s ligaments

52
Q

The milk is drawn from the breast by suction as a baby eats. Each nipple is surrounded by
a circular band (pigmented in some individuals) called the _____, which contains _____
glands whose secretions protect the nipple during nursing.

A

areola; areolar

53
Q

The skin of the _____ is very sensitive to touch, more so when lactating. (In many women,
this evokes a pleasant sensation.) The smooth muscles under the skin respond by
contracting, causing the nipple to _____.

A

areolae; become erect

54
Q

The menstrual cycle is controlled hormonally. The maturation of the follicles in the ovaries
is triggered by _____, which is released by the _____.

A

follicle stimulating hormone

(FSH); pituitary

A&P Exam 4 (8 decks)

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