Fluid Electrolyte, And Acid Base Balance Flashcards
The equilibrium between the acidity and alkalinity of body fluids is acid base balance it is regulated by the
Pulmonary and renal compensatory systems and by chemical ( buffering) systems .
Body fluids is intracellular or extracellular . Most body fluid is
Intracellular fluid ( inside the cell)
Extracellular fluid which is fluid outside the cell is
Interstitial
Intravascular
Or
Transcellular
Transcellular fluid includes
Cerebrospinal Synovial Peritoneal Pleural Pericardial fluids Also vitreous and aqueous fluid in the eye, and bike and digestive fluids.
Interstitial fluid
Fluid between cells of an organ or tissue, accounts for 25% of total body fluid .
Intravascular fluid
Is blood plasma is approximately 8% of body fluid.
Solutes
Chemical substances that dissolve in a liquid (solvent) . Solutes have crystalloids or colloids.
Colloids
Substances such as proteins that do not easily dissolve.
Crystalloids
Solutes that dissolve easily
Solutes in the body consist of
Electrolytes and nonelectrolytes such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and glucose.
Electrolytes
Charged atoms or molecules (ions) that conduct electrical impulses across cells. They carry a positive ( cation) charge or a negative charge ( anion). The number that carry a + charge and the number that carry a - charge should be equivalent.
Milliequivalent
the ability of cation to bond with anions to form molecules. Electrolytes are measure in milliequivalents per liter of water ( mEq/L)
the concentrations of particular electrolytes are measurably different in intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid. The intravascular and interstitial fluids share the same the same components with the exception of
protein. The intravascular fluid which id blood plasma contains large amounts of protein, predominately albumin.
osmosis
the movement of water across the cell membrane. water moves by osmosis to an area of lower contration of soultes to an area of higher concentration of soutes in an attempt to equalize the concentration across the mebrane.
osmotic pressure
is the force created when two solutions of different concentrations are separated by selective permeable membrane.the cell membrane allows water to move across but not solutes. the greater the differences in concentration of solutes the higher the osmotic pressure.
osmolality
refers to the number of osmols ( unit of osmotic pressure) per kilogram of solvent, which in this case is water,
osmolarity
is the number of osmols per liter of solvent. Osmolarity is used to denote solute concentration.
tonicity
another term used to describe osmolarity, it refers to the levels of osmotic pressure of the solution.
an administers solution that has the same osmolarity as blood plasma is
isotonic solution. an example is normal saline, or 0.9% sodium chloride.
fluids with higher osmolarity than body fluids are
hypertonic solutions-solutions that pull water from cell to the extracellular fluid compartment causing cell shrinkage.
solutions with lower osmolaritty than body fluids are
hypotomic solutions- excess water moves into the cell, causes the cell to swell.
osmotic pressure in the intravascular ( colloidosmotic pressure- oncotic pressure) space is controlled by
plasma proteins-mostly albumin . Plasma proteins are too large to move through the capillary membrane, they hold fluid in the intravascular space.
filtration
process by which fluid and solutes move together from an area of higher pressure to lower pressure .
hydrostatic pressure
the force of the fliud pressing aganist the blood vessels-controlled by the force of myocardial contraction, rate of contraction, and blood flow.
fluid balance is influence by two opposing forces of
hydrostatic and and oncotic pressure,
filtrations across a sectively permable membrane occurs when
the hydrostatic pressure is greater thanhe oncotic pressure . This allows for oxygenand nutirents to move from ther arterial capillary bed into the cells.
what happens when the hydrostatic pressure is great on the arteial side then the ocotic pressure
oxygem moves into the cell from the arterial capillary
what happend when oncotic pressure rises on the venous side
fluid and waste products are pulled back in to the intravascular space.
water is lost from the body primarily through
the kidneys and excreted as urine, small amounts lost in feces,
insensible loss of water
water loss thrugh respiration and persipration
homeostasis
the maintenance of fluid balance , controlled by renin-angiotensin system, the secretion of antiduiretic hormone, and thirst mechanism.
renin- angiotensin system
regulates blood pressure and fluid balance through vasoconstriction and excretion or resorption of sodium.
antidiuretic hormone (adh)
is secreted by the pituitary gland and maintains serum osmolality by controlling the amount of water excreted by the kidneys.
the kidneys monitor homeostasis through changes in
blood pressure
hypovolemia
decrease in fluid volume
enzme renin in secreted when
a decrease in fluid volume( hypovolemia) and a correspoding deease in blood ressure .
sequnce of renin conversion
renin converts angiotensin into angiotensin 1 . Angiotensin converting enzyme ( ACE) which is found in the lungs and kidneys chane angiontensin1 into angiotensin2 .
angiotensin 2
a hormone that causes vasocontriction ( narrowing of the blood vessels) throughout the body increasing arterial blood pressure.
Water from neuphron is reabsopedinto intravaular space.
situlation of the adrenal kortex releases aldosteronne water andsodium is reasorbed back into theblood stream.
adh is activated.
thhirst mechanism is activated
aldosterone
hormone acts on dstal convoluted tuble of the kidney to increase the amount of water and sodium reasorbed back into the blood stream
aldosterone vs antidiuretic hormone ( ADH)
aldosterone triggers reasborption of water and sodium . happens in respons to decrease circuating blood volume .
adh triggers reabsorption of water only
osmoreceptors
located in th hypothalmus monitor blood plasma osmolarity .` osmoreceptors triger adh secretion by pituitary gland.
adh
increases fluid volume but decreases plasma osmolarity
aldosterone
increases fluid volume and sodium uptake which does not effect osmolarity
osmolarity is increased
cerebral cortex is stimulated to produce thirst .dehydration
atrial natriuretic peptide
secreted by cells in the atrium of the heart in response to an increase in the blood pressure. when released ANP causes incrase in GFR which leads to increase excretion of water in urine. This hapens by blocking renin s the sequence of angiotendin from 1 to 2 in prevented.
electroytes move in and out of intrcellular and extracellular spaces through
diffusion,filtration, and active transport.
diffusion
the movement of solutes from an arean of higher concentration to lower concentration across a selectively permeable membrane until equilibrium is reached.
rate of diffusion is influenced by
temperature ( higher temprature, faster diffusion)
Molecular weight ( Lighter =faster)
Steepnessof concentration gradient ( the more even on each side the faster)
membrane permeability and facilitated diffusion .
small molecues such as 02 and co2 move through diffusion.
if solute cannot pass through membrane it requiresa carrer ( facilitated difusion)
example glucose unable to move into a cell without insulin
active transport
transport of a solute from areas of lower to higher concentration, opposite of diffusion.
ph of bodyfluids
7.35 to 7.45
mainting acid balance
chemical buffering respiratory control of carbon dioxide
renal control of bicarbonate
primary buffering system for the extracellulr fliud
carbonic acid - bicarbonate system ration 20;1 bicarbonate to carbonic acid ,
primary uffer for inside the cell
phoshate buffring systm
potassium and hydrogen ons can be interchanged inside a cell as needed
when there is excess hydrogen ionsin the extravascular sace potassium moves out of the cell as hydrogen moves into the cell. acid base balance can effest serum potassium levels.
sodium NA+
bread, cereals, chips,cheese, proceed meats. Canned foods, table salt
135-145 mEqL
resting membrane potential
deplorization of nerve and muscle function
prinicpalcation of ECF
9 to 95 % of osmoraity
Na-K pump imortant for body heat , necessary for cid base balance
moved out of cell by na-K pump. regulated by aldosterone and ANP
Potassium k+
fish, whole grains, nuts, broccoli, cabbage, carrots, celery, cucumbers, potatoes with skins, sinach, tomatoes, apriocts, banas, cantaloupe, oranges, tangerines, necterines.
3.5 to 5 mEq/L
producs resting membrane potential and action potentials of nerve and muscle cells
prinicipal cation in intracellular fluid , resposible for osmolarity
Na-K pump
inoled inprotein synthesis
moved into cell via pump
serum levels gulated by the kidney through reabsrption or excretion
calcium Ca2+
cheese, ice cream.milk, yorgurt, rhubarb, spinach, tofu
8.5 to 10.5 mg/dL
along with phosphate primary component of bones and teeth.99% found in bones and teeth.
Role in clotting, nerve impulse transimission, cardaic conductiion, andmuscle contraction
as serum calicium levels drop , parathyroidhorme and calcitriol pull calcium from the bone to maintin normal levels.
calcitonin moves excess calcium into the bone .
magnesium mg2+
cashews halibut swiss chard and other green leafy, vegetables, tofu, wheat germ, dried fruit
1.3-2.1 mEq/L foundprimarily inside cells.
key rolein production and use of ATP, helps regulate intracellular metabolism by activation of enzzmes, part of the Na-K pump. required for sythesis of nucliec acids and proteins. helps maintain normal serum calcium levels.
choride cl-
seaweed, rye, tomates, lettuce celery,olives
table salt, salt sbstites
95 to 105 mEq/L
most abundant anion in the ECF
key role in maintaining seum osmolarity
required for formation of stomach hydrochloric acid
buffering role in acid based balance. where sodium goesso does chloride
phosphate PO3/4-
ilk meat nuts legumes grains
1.7- 2.6 mEq/L
most abundant anion in ICF
along with calcium, helps maintain bone and teeth structure
role in cellular metabolism and atp production
essential for Carbohydrate metabolism.
phishate has an inverse relationshi with calcium, calcium incease phosphate falls . PTH increase excretion by the kidneys
to donate blood
must be atlat 17
weigh atleat 110
no blood doation i the last 8 weeks
blood is tested for ABO Rh antibodies to hep B hep C HIV , sypvilis , HTVV,CMV
hemolytic reaction
destruction of red blood cells
ife thratening
whole blood
red blood cells, white blood cells latelets, and plasma, which contain plasma proteins, antbodies, electrolytes.
used only,in situations, when blood components and blood volume isneeded, like a hemorrhage.
packed red blood
reoaces o2 carrying blood cells . noplasma.
anemia or hemorhhage
