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1.1 POM Cells > Fluid Compartments and Solutes > Flashcards

Fluid Compartments and Solutes Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between plasma and interstitial fluid?

A

Plasma has higher protein content

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2
Q

Which ions does plasma contain the most of?

A
  • Na+
  • Cl-
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3
Q

Which ions does cytoplasm contain the most of?

A
  • K+
  • Organic phosphates —> demand for ATP, signalling, cell activation
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4
Q

Which ions does plasma contain the least of?

A
  • Free Ca2+
  • Protein (anion)
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5
Q

Which ions does cytoplasm contain the least of?

A
  • Free Ca2+
  • Protein (anion)
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6
Q

What are the 7 differences between plasma and cytoplasm?

A

Plasma:
1. Higher Na+
2. Lower K+
3. Higher Ca+
4. Higher Cl-
5. Lower organic phosphates
6. Lower protein
7. Higher pH (lower H+ conc)

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7
Q

What unit is used for ion concentrations in body fluids?

A

mmol/L

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8
Q

What is the difference between plasma and cytoplasm Na+ concentration?

A

Higher in plasma
- 150 vs 10

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9
Q

What is the difference between plasma and cytoplasm K+ concentration?

A

Higher in cytoplasm
- 5 vs 150

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10
Q

What is the difference between plasma and cytoplasm free Ca2+ concentration?

A

Higher in plasma
- 2 vs 10^-4

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11
Q

What is the difference between plasma and cytoplasm Cl- concentration?

A

Higher in plasma
- 110 vs 5

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12
Q

What is the difference between plasma and cytoplasm phosphate concentration?

A

Higher in cytoplasm
- 5 vs 130

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13
Q

What is the difference between plasma and cytoplasm protein concentration?

A

Higher in cytoplasm
- 1 vs 2

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14
Q

What is the difference between plasma and cytoplasm pH?

A

Higher is plasma
- 7.4 vs 7.1

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15
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

Measure of concentration of all solute particles in a solution

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16
Q

How do you calculate osmolarity?

A

Σ osmoles
= Σ (concentration x no. ions in compound)

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17
Q

What is the unit of osmolarity?

A

mosm/L (milliosmoles per litre)

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18
Q

What is the osmolarity of plasma?

A

285 mosm/L

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19
Q

What is the osmolarity of cytoplasm?

A

285 mosm/L

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20
Q

In which organ is the cytoplasm osmolarity different from plasma?

A

Kidney —> filtration

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21
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Movement of solutes down conc grad till equilibrium

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22
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Movement of water down own grad (to higher osmolarity)

23
Q

What are osmoles?

A

Moles of solute contributing to osmotic pressure

24
Q

How does osmolarity affect cells?

A

Affects cell volume —> affect cell function and survival

25
Q

How does membrane permeability affect cytoplasm volume?

A

More impermeable to solutes —> more swelling
- because water still in

26
Q

What is the limitation of osmolarity?

A

Doesn’t consider membrane permeability (too simple)

27
Q

What is tonicity?

A

Relative strength of a solution

28
Q

What are the 3 types of tonicity?

A
  1. Hypertonic
  2. Hypotonic
  3. Isotonic
29
Q

What are hypertonic solutions?

A

Extracellular solution conc > intracellular

30
Q

What are hypotonic solutions?

A

Extracellular solution conc < intracellular

31
Q

What are isotonic solutions?

A

Extracellular solution conc = intracellular

32
Q

What does a larger difference in intra vs extracellular fluid tonicity lead to?

A

More cell volume change —> more damage

33
Q

Which enzyme prevents cells bursting and how?

A

Na+K+ATPase
- Maintains Na+ conc in cells lower than out (pumps excess Na+ out)

34
Q

What are the 4 methods used by solutes to pass the plasma membrane?

A
  1. Simple diffusion
  2. Channel-mediated diffusion
  3. Transporter-mediated diffusion
  4. Active transport
35
Q

Which solutes can pass the membrane via simple diffusion? (2)

A
  1. Gases (eg. O2, N2, CO2)
  2. Hydrophobic molecules (eg. steroids)
36
Q

When is active transport used?

A

Transport solute against concentration gradient
- Uses ATP hydrolysis energy

37
Q

What are the 2 conditions transplant tissue is stored in and why?

A
  1. Perfused with UW solution
    - Maintains intracellular concentrations —> maintain cell volumes
  2. 4°C
    - Preventhypoxic injury
    - but —> inactivates NA+K+ATPase —> stops Na+ out cells —> stops Cl- and H2O out cells —> would cause swelling + death —> need UW solution
38
Q

What is UW solution?

A

University of Wisconsin solution
- Solution perfused into transplant tissues to prevent cell swelling

39
Q

What are the 4 main features of UW solution?

A
  1. Lack Na+ and Cl-
  2. Extracellular impermeant solutes present
  3. Presence of marcomolecular colloid (starch)
  4. Antioxidants (allopurinol and glutathione present)
40
Q

How does exchange into/out of blood vessels occur?

A

Via pores between endothelial cells

41
Q

What volume of plasma leaves the blood per day?

42
Q

How often does all the blood plasma leave and return to the blood?

A

Every 9 hours

43
Q

What is COP?

A

Colloid Osmotic Pressure
- Maintainance of osmotic pressure by larger molecules (eg. plasma proteins)

44
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

Pressure exerted by the fluid’s weight

45
Q

What is important about plasma proteins in exchange?

A

Too large to leave blood —> concentration regulates fluid entry/exit

46
Q

What maintains blood osmotic pressure?

A

Plasma proteins

47
Q

What is oedema?

A

Swelling due to accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space

48
Q

What happens when blood hydrostatic pressure > osmotic pressure?

A

Fluid leaves blood

49
Q

How is interstitial fluid redistributed?

A

Lymphatic vessels

50
Q

What are the 6 steps of interstitial fluid recirculation?

A
  1. Starts in blood capillaries - highest pressure
  2. To interstitial fluid
  3. To lymph capillaries
  4. To lymph veins
  5. To lymph ducts (subclavian region or lymph nodes)
  6. To large veins - lowest pressure
51
Q

When does oedema occur?

A

Fluid accumulates in interstitial space

52
Q

What are 2 common examples of oedema?

A
  1. Insect bites - insect damages blood vessel —> fluid leaks out
  2. Hypertension - high NaCl conc of blood —> lower water potential —> more fluid leaves
53
Q

What are 2 examples of compromised lymphatic function causing oedema?

A
  1. Breast cancer surgery - armpit lymph nodes lost —> lymphatic drainage doesn’t occur in arm
  2. Elephantiasis - parasitic worms block lymph vessels

1.1 POM Cells (15 decks)

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