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1.1 POM Cells > Cell Injury and Fate > Flashcards

Cell Injury and Fate Flashcards

1
Q

What is lethal cell injury?

A

Injury leading to cell death

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2
Q

What is sublethal cell injury?

A

Injury that can be reversed to avoid cell death

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3
Q

What are the 2 routes of cell injury?

A
  1. Injurious stimulus
  2. Inability to adapt to changes
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4
Q

What are the 8 causes of cell injury?

A
  1. Oxygen deprivation
  2. Chemical agents
  3. Infectious agents
  4. Immunological agents
  5. Genetic defects
  6. Nutritional imbalances
  7. Physical agents (eg. trauma, radiation)
  8. Aging
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4
Q

What do cellular responses to injury depend on? (3)

A
  1. Type
  2. Duration
  3. Severity
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5
Q

What is an example of oxygen deprivation leading to cell death?

A

Myocardial infarction

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6
Q

What do the consequences of cell injury depend on? (2)

A
  1. Type
  2. Status
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7
Q

What are the intracellular systems vulnerable to injury? (4)

A
  1. Cell membrane integrity
  2. ATP generation
  3. Protein synthesis
  4. Genetic apparatus integrity (DNA and RNA pathways)
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8
Q

Why does 1 cell injury lead to many secondary effects?

A

Structural and biochemical components very interconnected

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9
Q

Why do morphological changes to injured cells occur?

A

Cellular function lost before death

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10
Q

What are the 5 cellular adaptations to injury?

A
  1. Atrophy
  2. Hypertrophy
  3. Hyperplasia
  4. Metaplasia
  5. Dysplasia
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11
Q

What is atrophy?

A

Cell shrinkage (loss of cell substance) —> organ shrinks

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12
Q

What is a pathological example of atrophy?

A

Dementia
- Brain atrophies —> smaller gyri and larger sulci

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13
Q

What causes muscle cell atrophy?

A

Denervation

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14
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Cell swelling —> organ swells

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15
Q

What does physiological mean?

A

Normal and healthy process

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16
Q

What does pathological mean?

A

Abnormal process due to disease

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17
Q

What are the 2 causes of hypertrophy?

A
  1. Increased functional demand of cells
  2. Hormonal stimulation
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18
Q

What is are 2 examples of physiological hypertrophy?

A
  1. Pregnancy —> hypertrophy of uterus cells
  2. Athletes —> hypertrophy of cardiac muscle cells
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19
Q

What is an example of pathological hypertrophy?

A

Ischaemia —> cardiac muscle cells die (infarction) —> compensatory hypertrophy

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20
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Increase is number of cells in an organ

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21
Q

What are the 2 causes of physiological hyperplasia?

A
  1. Hormonal
  2. Compensatory
22
Q

What is the cause of pathological hyperplasia?

A

Excessive hormonal/growth factor stimulation

23
Q

What is an example of physiological hyperplasia?

A

Menstrual cycle —> proliferative endometrium (due to oestrogen)

24
Q

What is an example of pathological hyperplasia?

A

Carcinoma

25
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

Reversible change where one cell type is replaced by another

26
Q

What is an example of physiological metaplasia?

A

Pregnancy —> cervix squamous epithelium to columnar and back (due to pH changes)

27
Q

What is an example of pathological metaplasia?

A

Barrett’s Oesophagus —> oesophagus non-keratinising squamous epithelium to columnar and back

28
Q

What are the 2 changes seen under a light microscope to cells with reversible injury?

A
  1. Fatty change
  2. Cellular swelling
28
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Precancerous cells showing malignant features (not invaded underlying tissue yet)

28
Q

What are the 4 features of dysplasia?

A
  1. Still contained in basement membrane
  2. Large nucleus
  3. More mitochondria
  4. Higher nucleus:cytoplasm
28
Q

What are degenerative changes?

A

Changes associated with cell/tissue damage

29
Q

What is an example of dysplasia?

A

Barrett’s oesophagus —> cells normal to metaplasia to dysplasia

30
Q

What is an example of reversible fatty change?

A

Alcoholic fatty change of hepatocytes (reversible)

31
Q

What is an example of reversible cellular swelling?

A

Alcoholic liver disease —> ballooning degeneration due to damaged cell cytoskeleton

32
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Form of cell death associated with inflammation

33
Q

What are the 4 types of necrosis?

A
  1. Coagulative
  2. Liquefactive
  3. Caseous
  4. Fat
34
Q

What are the 4 changes seen under a light microscope to cells with irreversible injury?

A
  1. Coagulative necrosis
  2. Liquefactive necrosis
  3. Caseous necrosis
  4. Fat necrosis
35
Q

What is coagulative necrosis?

A

See tissue intact for some time

36
Q

What is liquefactive necrosis?

A

See liquid

37
Q

What is caseous necrosis?

A

See soft, granular mass (looks like cheese)

38
Q

What an example of coagulative necrosis?

A

Myocardial infarct

38
Q

What is fat necrosis?

A

See fat (released from dead adipose tissue)

39
Q

What an example of liquefactive necrosis?

A

Old cerebral infarct (lose connective tissue)

40
Q

What are 2 examples of caseous necrosis?

A
  1. Pulmonary TB
  2. Kidney necrosis
41
Q

What an example of fat necrosis?

A

Acute pancreatitis
- Lipases activated in pancreas —> free fatty acids bind to Ca deposits

42
Q

What are the 3 difference between apoptosis and necrosis?

A

Apoptosis:
- Can be physiological or pathological
- Active (energy dependant)
- Not associated with inflammation

Necrosis:
- Always pathological
- Not active
- Associated with inflammation

43
Q

How does necrosis occur?

A
  1. Blebs form
  2. Enzymes digest whole cell and contents leak out
44
Q

How does apoptosis occur?

A
  1. Apoptotic bodies form
  2. Phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies
45
Q

What are the 5 causes if apoptosis?

A

Physiological:
1. Embryogenesis - eg. separates fingers
2. T-cell selection - kill auto-reactive
3. Hormonal involution
4. Proliferating populations

Pathological
5. Injuries causing irreparable DNA damage

46
Q

What is necroptosis?

A

Programmed cell death associated with inflammation
(Apoptosis + inflammation)

47
Q

What is an example of a cause of necroptosis?

A

Viral infections

48
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms of cell death?

A
  1. Apoptosis
  2. Necrosis
  3. Necroptosis

1.1 POM Cells (15 decks)

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